EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY ISSUE 1. National Academy of Sciences Review  NAS review of state of the science regarding CAFOs and Air Quality Response: 

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Presentation transcript:

EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY ISSUE 1. National Academy of Sciences Review  NAS review of state of the science regarding CAFOs and Air Quality Response:  National Center white papers on air quality: Odor mitigation (includes H2S) Ammonia Particulate matter (PM) Site selection Health effects of odor Others (?)  Recommended point of departure for NAS review.  National Center—resource scientists/engineers.

National Center for Manure & Animal Waste Management White Papers, 2001: State-of-the-art summaries on: Odor Mitigation, Sweeten, Jacobson, Heber, et al. Particulates, Auvermann, Bottcher, Heber, Meyer, Parnell, Worley. Ammonia, Arogo, Westerman, Heber, Robaarge, Classen. Site Selection, Jacobson, et al. Health effects, Schiffman, Bottcher, Auvermann. December 11-12, 2001

EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY ISSUE 2. Revised Emission Factors Response: National Center White Papers address: - Emission concentrations, rates, emission factors. - Emission control practices (odor, PM, H 2 S, NH 3, VOC) - Research & development needs. * Before emissions regulations can be developed: - Develop & evaluate standardized methodologies for emission measurement & calculation of emission rates. - Validate models - Develop control practices for emissions.

Air Quality Emissions: Descriptors Emission Descriptors 1.Concentration = mass/vol.   g/m 3, or OU/m 3. 2.Emission rate = mass released/unit time (kg/day) = concentration x airflow rate 3.Flux = mass/unit time/unit area (kg/day/m 2 ). 4.Emission factor = emission rate/process size descriptor = mass/unit time/capacity (or throughput), kg/day/head. 5. Emissions inventory = source or category emissions contribution to airshed, kg/yr, or tons/yr.

EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY ISSUE 3. Revised methane emission methodology: EPA is correct in questioning prior estimates Methane emissions not a direct function of VS excretion. Develop & validate CH 4 model based on operational factors—management, treatment, climate, etc.

EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY ISSUE 4. Revision of boundary conditions Off-site transfers of manure. Response: BMP’s exist to mitigate emissions on or off- site. Chronic vs. acute emissions—frequency & duration of application.

EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY ISSUE 5. Monetization of emissions control (quantifying benefits). Economics vs. health effects issue. Response: Exposure studies lacking. Community/neighbor validation. Implementation costs—new vs. retrofit; longevity of control practices. Sustainable livestock & poultry industries. Limit unintended consequences

EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY ISSUE 6. Conjunctive Multi-Media Protection. Response: Research, development, technology transfer needs: Air-shed scale vs.localized/site-specific situations. Appropriate models based on appropriate criteria. Interagency cooperation Statement regarding air quality requirements in ELG’s should be retained. Not ready for regulatory action

Research & Development Needs: --Odor/odorant/PM-- Emission characterization — Emission rates, Flux, Emission factors. Specific to: species, facility type, manure/wastewater system components, climate, soils. Variability—diurnal, seasonal, climatic, management practices. Secondary PM, from NH 3, NOx, etc. Chemical & biological markers.

Research & Development Needs: Odor/odorant/PM Control Practices: Kinetic release mechanisms Relationships among: odor, odorants, particulates Cost-effective control technologies Innovative air treatment processes— exhausts, surface-treatment, etc. Science-based dispersion models— appropriate to CAFOs & and ground level sources.

Research & Development Needs: Public health concerns: Appropriate health indicators— Odor, odorants, PM Field validation Acceptability criteria Dose-response relationships Mitigation strategies -- address validated health & exposure concerns.

Controlling Odor, PM, & Ammonia Holistic Systems approaches needed: Whole farm management Species –specific technology Site/source-specific –tailored Contaminant-specific—odor,PM, NH 3 Conjunctive management, Water & Air Reducing NH 3 losses CNMP approach

Research & Development Needs Technology Transfer Develop interagency programs--research, education, technology transfer, technical & financial assistance. Evaluate innovative control technologies. Deliver cost-effective mitigation technologies to CAFO producers!

U.S. Program Needs: Air Contaminants Conjunctive policies, multimedia protection: Air quality Water quality Global atmospheric considerations. Integrated interagency programs:  Interagency programs  Research, education, tech.transfer, tech. & financial assist.  Linked, Coordinated  Example President’s/USDA-Water Quality Initiative  Adequate funding commitment !