Blood White blood cells Platelets Red blood cells Artery

Function of Blood: Deliver O2 Remove metabolic wastes Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume Protection from blood loss- platelets Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC Transport hormones

plasma formed elements The Blood 55% 45%

Blood Plasma Components- 55% 90% Water 8% Solutes: b b Proteins Albumin (60 %) Alpha and Beta Globulins Gamma Globulins fibrinogens b b Gas b b Electrolytes

Blood Plasma Components b b Organic Nutrients Carbohydrates Amino Acids Lipids Vitamins b b Hormones b b Metabolic waste CO2 Urea

Formed Elements of the Blood- 45% b b Erythrocytes (red blood cells) b b Leukocytes (white blood cells) b b Platelets

Erythrocytes

Erythrocyte  7.5  m in dia  Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however, repro in red bone marrow  Hematopoiesis- production of RBC  Function- transport respiratory gases  Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2  chains and 2  chains  Lack mitochondria. Why?  1 RBC contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules  Men- 5 million cells/mm 3  Women- 4.5 million cells/mm 3  Life span days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)

Hemoglobin Portion of hemoglobin molecule

Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency. Factors that can cause anemia- exercise, B12 deficiency Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes,  viscosity of blood; 8-11 million cells/mm 3 Usually caused by cancer; however, naturally occurs at high elevations Blood doping- in athletes  remove blood 2 days before event and then replace it- banned by Olympics. RBC Diseases

Sickle-cell anemia- HbS results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in the  chain in the globin molecule. Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans. Abnormal hemoglobin crystalizes when O 2 content of blood is low, causing RBCs to become sickle-shaped. Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial. RBC Diseases

Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia

Types of Leukocytes Granulocytes Neutrophils % Eosinophils- 1-4% Basophils- <1% Agranulocytes Monocytes- 4-8% Lymphocytes % Lymphocytes % Never let monkeys eat bananas 4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3

Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte platelet

ID WBC’s

Blood Cell Production

Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall

Lukemia- too high WBC Leukocytosis- suppresses normal bone marrow function; abnormally high WBC Leukopenia- too few WBC; commonly induced by drugs, and anticancer agents Mononucleosis- highly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks WBC Diseases

Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding Tissue Damage Platelet Plug Clotting Factors Platelets: 250, ,000 cells/mm 3

Hemostasis: 4. Coagulation 1.Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation

Hemostasis (+ feedback) ProthrombinThrombin FibrinogenFibrin Clotting Factors thromboplastin Traps RBC & platelets Platelets release thromboplastin

Blood Clot Fibrin thread Platelet RBC

Type A Type B Type AB Type O

Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B Blood typeAntigenAntibody A A anti-B B B anti-A A & B AB no anti body Neither A or B Oanti-A and anti-B Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens. They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination) Blood Typing

Type A bbbbbbb Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Type B aaaaaaa Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Type O b b b a a b a b b b a a a a Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Type AB

Rh Factor and Pregnancy RH- indicates no protein RH+ indicates protein

Rh Factor and Pregnancy Rh + mother w/Rh - baby– no problem Rh - mother w/Rh + baby– problem Rh - mother w/Rh - father– no problem Rh - mother w/Rh - baby-- no problem RhoGAM 28 weeks

Blood Type & RhHow Many Have ItFrequency ORh Positive1 person in 337.4% ORh Negative1 person in 156.6% ARh Positive1 person in 335.7% ARh Negative1 person in 166.3% BRh Positive1 person in 128.5% BRh Negative1 person in 671.5% ABRh Positive1 person in 293.4% ABRh Negative1 person in 167.6%

INQUIRY 1.What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte? 2.What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white cells? 3.What dietary component is needed for the production of red blood cells? 4.The largest cells in the blood that leave the bloodstream to become macrophages are ____. 5.In an acute infection, the white cell count would show as ______. 6.Erythroblastosis fetalis, also known as hemolytic newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers carrying ____ fetuses. 7.What antigens and antibodies found on AB red cells? 8.In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a type O person?