Prokaryotic single cells Shapes ◦ Sphere (cocci), Rod (bacilli), or Spiral (spirilli) Organization ◦ Often clusters (staphylo-) or chains (strepto-)
Eubacteria have cell walls ◦ Gram negative have 2 nd cell wall ◦ Gram positive do not ◦ Negative = no antibiotics Movement ◦ Many have flagella
Binary Fission – happens QUICKLY!
Obligate anaerobes ◦ Clostridium botulinum Facultative anaerobes/aerobes ◦ E. coli Obligate aerobes ◦ Tuberculosis
Autotrophic ◦ Photosynthetic (Cyanobacteria) ◦ Chemosynthetic (Methanogens) Heterotrophic ◦ Parasitic (Tuberculosis) ◦ Decomposers
Beneficial ◦ Decomposers ◦ Manufacture of food – yogurt, cheese, pickles Pathogens – disease-causing ◦ Food poisoning
Francesco Redi – Spontaneous Generation
Airborne Water Direct contact Vectors - transmitters of disease that carry the pathogens from one host to another
Antibiotics ◦ 1928 Fleming – penicillin mold toxic to bacteria Antibiotic Resistance ◦ Not all bacteria die from antibiotics ◦ People don’t finish prescription ◦ Over-prescribed
NONLIVING pathogens ◦ Do not metabolize, grow, or maintain homeostasis Structure – RNA or DNA with protein capsid
Rely on living cells (hosts) for replication Insertion of either the entire virus or just the DNA into the host cell
Some viruses turn the cell into a virus making factory, bursting the cell with new viruses Other viruses replicate slowly and can lay dormant before take-over
CLICK! CLICK!
Vaccines – inject dead or weak virus so the body can form antibodies ◦ Edward Jenner – 1800s - smallpox Anti-viral drugs – try to disable replication in some way