Chapter 8 High-Level Programming Languages

2 Chapter Goals Describe the translation process and distinguish between assembly, compilation, interpretation, and execution Name four distinct programming paradigms and name a language characteristic of each Describe the following constructs: stream input and output, selection, looping, and subprograms

3 Chapter Goals Construct Boolean expressions and describe how they are used to alter the flow of control of an algorithm Define the concepts of a data type and strong typing Explain the concept of a parameter and distinguish between value and reference parameters

4 Chapter Goals Describe two composite data-structuring mechanisms Name, describe, and give examples of the three essential ingredients of an object- oriented language

5 Compilers High-level language A language that provides a richer (more English like) set of instructions Compiler A program that translates a high-level language program into machine code

6 Compilers Figure 8.1 Compilation process How does this differ from the assembly process?

7 Interpreters Interpreter A translating program that translates and executes the statements in sequence –Assembler or compiler produce machine code as output, which is then executed in a separate step –An interpreter translates a statement and then immediately executes the statement –Interpreters can be viewed as simulators

8 Java Introduced in 1996 and became instantly popular Portability was of primary importance Java is compiled into a standard machine language called Bytecode A software interpreter called the JVM (Java Virtual Machine) takes the Bytecode program and executes it

9 Portability The ability of a program to be run on different machines Compiler portability A program in a standardized language can be compiled and run on any machine that has the appropriate compiler Bytecode portability A program translated into Bytecode can be run on any machine that has a JVM Do you understand the difference?

10 Portability Figure 8.2 Portability provided by standardized languages versus interpretation by Bytecode

11 Portability Figure 8.2 Portability provided by standardized languages versus interpretation by Bytecode

12 Programming Language Paradigms Imperative or procedural model –Program describes the processing –FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, C, Pascal, Ada, and C++ Functional model –Program is written terms of mathematical functions –LISP, Scheme (a derivative of LISP), and ML

13 Programming Language Paradigms Logic model –Program consists of facts about objects and rules that question the relationships among facts –PROLOG Object-oriented model –Program consists of a set of objects and the interactions among the objects –Smalltalk and Simula –C++ is as an imperative language with some object- oriented features –Java is an object-oriented language with some imperative features

14 Programming Language Paradigms We examine procedural and object-oriented languages in the rest of this chapter by looking at the functionality provided in these languages We give examples in different languages to show how syntax used to provide the functionality

15 Functionality of Imperative Languages Sequence Executing statements in sequence until an instruction is encountered that changes this sequencing Selection Deciding which action to take Iteration (looping) Repeating an action Do these concepts sound familiar? Let's review them.

16 Boolean Expressions Boolean expression A sequence of identifiers, separated by compatible operators, that evaluates to true or false A Boolean expression can be –A Boolean variable –An arithmetic expression followed by a relational operator followed by an arithmetic expression –A Boolean expression followed by a Boolean operator followed by a Boolean expression

17 Boolean Expressions Variable A location in memory that is referenced by an identifier that contains a data value Thus, a Boolean variable is a location in memory that can contain either true or false

18 Boolean Expressions Remember the relational operators? List them!

19 Strong Typing Data type A description of the set of values and the basic set of operations that can be applied to values of the type Strong typing The requirement that only a value of the proper type can be stored into a variable

20 Data Types Integer numbers Real numbers Characters Boolean values Strings Give examples of each

21 Integers What determines the range of an integer value? Is the range of an integer value the same in all languages? What operations can be applied to integers?

22 Reals How are real values like integer values? How do real values differ from integer values?

23 Characters Do you remember ASCII? Extended ASCII? UNICODE? How many characters in Extended ASCII? How many characters in UNICODE? What does a relational operator between two characters mean?

24 Boolean and Strings What values can a Boolean variable be? For what are Boolean expressions used? What is a string? What operations can be applied to strings?

25 Declarations Declaration A statement that associates an identifier with a variable, an action, or some other entity within the language that can be given a name; the programmer can refer to that item by name Reserved word A word in a language that has special meaning Case-sensitive Uppercase and lowercase letters are considered the same

Declaration Example

27 Assignment statement An action statement (not a declaration) that says to evaluate the expression on the right-hand side of the symbol and store that value into the place named on the left-hand side Named constant A location in memory, referenced by an identifier, that contains a data value that cannot be changed Remember?

28 Input/Output Structures Pseudocode algorithms used the expressions Read or Get and Write or Print High-level languages view input data as a stream of characters divided into lines Key to the processing The data type determines how characters are to be converted to a bit pattern (input) and how a bit pattern is to be converted to characters (output)

29 Input/Output Structures Read name, age, hourlyWage name is a string; age is an integer; hourlyWage is a real The data must be a string, an integer, and a real in that order.

30 Control Structures Control structure An instruction that determines the order in which other instructions in a program are executed Can you name the ones we defined in the functionality of pseudocode?

31 Selection Statements Figure 8.3 Flow of control of if statement

32 Selection Statements The if statement allows the program to test the state of the program variables using a Boolean expression

33 Blocks Note the symbols used to indicate blocks in each language

34 Cascading Ifs If (temperature > 90) Write "Texas weather: wear shorts" Else If (temperature > 50) Write "A little chilly: wear a light jacket" Else If (temperature > 32) Write "Philadelphia weather: wear a heavy coat" Else Write "Stay inside" Why does this work correctly?

35 Looping Statements Figure 8.4 Flow of control of while statement

36 Looping Statements A count-controlled loop Set sum to 0 Set count to 1 While (count <= limit) Read number Set sum to sum + number Increment count Write "Sum is " + sum Why is it called a count-controlled loop?

37 Looping Statements

38 Looping Statements An event-controlled loop Set sum to 0 Set allPositive to true While (allPositive) Read number If (number > 0) Set sum to sum + number Else Set allPositive to false Write "Sum is " + sum Why is it called an event-conrolled loop? What is the event?

39 Subprogram Statements We can give a section of code a name and use that name as a statement in another part of the program When the name is encountered, the processing in the other part of the program halts while the named code is executed Remember?

40 Subprogram Statements What if the subprogram needs data from the calling unit? Parameters Identifiers listed in parentheses beside the subprogram declaration; sometimes called formal parameters Arguments Identifiers listed in parentheses on the subprogram call; sometimes called actual parameters

41 Subprogram Statements Figure 8.5 Subprogram flow of control

42 Subprogram Statements Figure 8.5 Subprogram flow of control

43 Subprogram Statements Value parameter A parameter that expects a copy of its argument to be passed by the calling unit Reference parameter A parameter that expects the address of its argument to be passed by the calling unit

44 Subprogram Statements Think of arguments as being placed on a message board

45 Subprogram Statements

46 Recursion The ability of a subprogram to call itself Base case The case to which we have an answer General case The case that expresses the solution in terms of a call to itself with a smaller version of the problem

47 Recursion For example, the factorial of a number is defined as the number times the product of all the numbers between itself and 0: N! = N * (N  1)! Base case Factorial(0) = 1 (0! is 1) General Case Factorial(N) = N * Factorial(N-1)

48 Asynchronous Processing Asynchronous processing Not synchronized with the program's action –Clicking has become a major form of input to the computer –Mouse clicking is not within the sequence of the program –A user can click a mouse at any time during the execution of a program

49 Composite Data Types Records A named heterogeneous collection of items in which individual items are accessed by name Arrays A named homogeneous collection of items in which an individual item is accessed by its position (index) within the collection

50 Composite Data Types Declare Record

51 Composite Data Types Declare record variable Use record variable

52 Composite Data Types Figure 8.8 Array variable tenThings accessed from 0..9 An Array

53 Composite Data Types Declare Array

54 Composite Data Types Access an Array

55 Functionality of Object-Oriented Languages Remember the definitions from Chapter 6? Encapsulate Object class Object in problem-solving phase Object in implementation phase Class in implementation phase Instantiate Don't worry! We'll review these concepts

56 Review Object class (problem-solving phase) A description of a group of objects with similar properties and behaviors Object (problem-solving phase) An entity or thing that is relevant in the context of a problem Instantiate Create an object from a class

57 Review Encapsulation A language feature that enforces information hiding (second definition) Class (implementation phase) A language construct that is a pattern for an object and provides a mechanism for encapsulating the properties and actions of the object class Object (implementation phase) An instance of a class

58 Review Remember the pattern? From problem to general description to class definition to program

59 Inheritance and Polymorphism Inheritance A construct that fosters reuse by allowing an application to take an already-tested class and derive a class from it that inherits the properties the application needs Polymorphism The ability of a language to have duplicate method names in an inheritance hierarchy and to apply the method that is appropriate for the object to which the method is applied

60 Inheritance and Polymorphism Inheritance and polymorphism work together How? They combine to allow the programmer to build useful hierarchies of classes that can be put into a library to be reused in different applications

61 Ethical Issues Open-Source Software Development What is open-source software? What is proprietary software? What are the arguments against open-source software? What are the arguments for open- source software?

62 Who am I? I am best known for structured programming. Can you define it? I am also known for my wit. Can you recall some of my witty sayings?

63 Do you know? Was Bytecode the first interpreter for program code? What does the word "paradigm" mean? How has its meaning changed over time? How many definitions can you think of for "bow"?