at: www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/.../Archimedes.htmlwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/.../Archimedes.html

Integration

Archimedes Palimpsest

ε = μα 2 ε = μβ 2 ε = ε = μα 2 ε = μβ 2 ε = Very recent results using laser fluorescence microscopy

campus.udayton.edu

It was at just this moment that a Roman soldier burst in and killed him

at: numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Pi/pi.htmlnumbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Pi/pi.html

decodingtheheavens.com Archimedian Screw

Setting the Roman ships on fire?

Syracuse

The weight of water that is displaced is proportional to the volume of the coin Today we would write it as an equation w ~ v..and thus the density of the coin could be estimated

Apparently In his treatise The Sand Reckoner it is recognised that Archimedes had used the concept of indices to calculate the number of grains of sand in the universe He came to the conclusion there were ca which - oddly - is not that far out from the number of H atoms if the Universe were all H atoms – as presumably it once was! No of Stars x M o x Avogadro Number x x 6 x10 23 ~ 10 79

The weight of water that is displaced is proportional to the volume of the coin Today we would write it as an equation w ~ v..and thus the density of the coin could be estimated

Archimedes Palimpsest In the 12th century, the text of a prayer book (horizontal) was written over the original Greek text (vertical)—here, a section of Archimedes’s treatise, On Floating Bodies.)

campus.udayton.edu Archimedes In his “Eureka” moment Archimedes discovered that the relationship mass divided by volume gave the density of a material so effectively he had the concept of what we today would call an equation. He discovered many other things.

Figure 1. Archimedes Palimpsest as it appears today. In the 12th century, the text of a prayer book (horizontal) was written over the original Greek text (vertical)—here, a section of Archimedes’s treatise, On Floating Bodies. The cover of this month’s issue shows the same pages, rotated 90° and digitally enhanced to highlight the underlying text. (Figure © Christie’s Images, New York.)

Archimedes Born: c. 290 BC Birthplace: Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Died: 211 BC Location of death: Syracuse, Sicily, Italy Cause of death: MurderSyracuse, Sicily, Italy Murder Gender: Male Race or Ethnicity: White Occupation: Mathematician, InventorMathematicianInventor Nationality: Ancient Greece Executive summary: Greatest of the ancient mathematicians

Figure 1. Archimedes Palimpsest as it appears today. In the 12th century, the text of a prayer book (horizontal) was written over the original Greek text (vertical)—here, a section of Archimedes’s treatise, On Floating Bodies. The cover of this month’s issue shows the same pages, rotated 90° and digitally enhanced to highlight the underlying text. (Figure © Christie’s Images, New York.)

The top layer of writing in this 700-year-old book describes Christian prayers. But underneath, almost obliterated, are the only surviving copies of many of the works of the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes.

Sometime after Johan Heiberg examined the book in 1906, someone painted gold-leaf images over four of the pages (left). Multispectral imaging couldn't peer beneath the reflective metal paint, but x-ray fluorescence imaging revealed the underlying text (right).

Archimedes wrote his manuscript on a papyrus scroll 2,200 years ago. At an unknown later time, someone copied the text from papyrus to animal-skin parchment. Then, 700 years ago, a monk needed parchment for a new prayer book. He pulled the copy of Archimedes' book off the shelf, cut the pages in half, rotated them 90 degrees, and scraped the surface to remove the ink, creating a palimpsest—fresh writing material made by clearing away older text. Then he wrote his prayers on the nearly-clean pages. What happened to the monk's book after that is unclear, but in 1908, Johan Ludwig Heiberg, a Danish philologist, discovered it in a library in Constantinople. He was astonished to find that the book contained previously unknown texts by Archimedes. He studied the book in detail, puzzling out the faint letters with a microscope. His efforts brought the works to the attention of scholars around the world, but after he had completed his transcription, the book again disappeared until nearly a decade ago, when it was auctioned off at Christie's. Enlarge Sometime after Johan Heiberg examined the book in 1906, someone painted gold-leaf images over four of the pages (left). Multispectral imaging couldn't peer beneath the reflective metal paint, but x-ray fluorescence imaging revealed the underlying text (right).The owner of the Archimedes Palimpsest. The book's anonymous buyer has funded an enormous research project on the volume. First, intensive conservation and restoration stabilized the condition of the book itself. Then the researchers took digital pictures of it in different wavelengths of light, creating a multi-spectral image that could be manipulated to reveal the text by Archimedes. On four of the pages, forged paintings covered the entire text, so the researchers used x-ray fluorescence imaging to peek beneath the paintings and decipher the obscured text

Enlarge Image Archimedes showed that the area of this section of a parabola is four-thirds the area of the enclosed triangle (red). He did it using a straight-lined approximation (blue).

For seventy years, a prayer book moldered in the closet of a family in France, passed down from one generation to the next. Its mildewed parchment pages were stiff and contorted, tarnished by burn marks and waxy smudges. Behind the text of the prayers, faint Greek letters marched in lines up the page, with an occasional diagram disappearing into the spine. The owners wondered if the strange book might have some value, so they took it to Christie's Auction House of London. And in 1998, Christie's auctioned it off—for two million dollars. For this was not just a prayer book. The faint Greek inscriptions and accompanying diagrams were, in fact, the only surviving copies of several works by the great Greek mathematician Archimedes.