The Muslim World Expands Chapter 2 In Book – Ch. 2 pages 70-87

The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Osman – the most successful ghazis ( ) ◦ AKA – Othman ◦ Followers – Ottomans  Ghazis – warrior for Islam, military society, strict Islamic code, raided territories belonging to “infidels” Built small Muslim state in Anatolia & his successors expanded through military action Orkhan I – Osman’s son & 2 nd ruler (1361) ◦ Declared himself “sultan” ◦ Muslims required to serve in Turkish army – no tax ◦ Non-Muslims no military, but had to pay the tax

Timur the Lame ◦ Named for permanent injury to his leg ◦ Burned down Baghdad to the ground ◦ Crushed the Ottoman army & halted the Empire’s expansion in 1402 ◦ Went after China & war began between the 4 sons of Ottoman’s Sultan Mehmed II ~ AKA Mehmed the Conqueror ◦ Constantinople controlled Bosporus Strait ◦ Attacked Constantinople to gain control ◦ Won territory & opened area to all religions  Now called Istanbul

Suleyman the Lawgiver Selim’s son Conquered Belgrade, Island of Rhodes, & dominated the entire eastern Mediterranean Moved onto Northern Africa with Tripoli & controlled trade routes throughout Africa Also moved into Hungary & the outskirts of Vienna, Austria Became the most powerful monarch on Earth by 1526

Created law code to handle criminal & civil actions Simplified taxation & reduced gov’t bureaucracy Devshirme System… ◦ Drafted boys from conquered Christian territories ◦ Educated them & converted them to Islam ◦ Trained them as soldiers Janissaries ◦ 30,000 strong ◦ Loyal only to the sultan

He followed Islamic Law… ◦ Granted freedom of worship to other communities (millets) under his control ◦ Follow own religious law & practices ◦ Head of millets reported to the sultan  Architecture, art, literature, etc. flourished during his rule  Similar to the European Renaissance ◦ He killed his most able sons & his 3 rd son inherited the throne ◦ Became customary for the new sultan to kill his brothers, keep sons prisoners away from the outside world – result: weak sultans who ruined the empire

Cultural Blending Cultures interacting with each other Mixing of different cultures Safavid Empire – Muslim dynasty ruled in Persia between 16 th – 18 th centuries ◦ Persians ◦ Ottomans ◦ Arabs

Reasons for Cultural Change… ◦ Migration ◦ Pursuit of religious freedom or conversion ◦ Trade ◦ Conquest  Lead to changes in…  Language  Religion  Government  Technology  Military Tactics  Art & Architecture  Ethnic Blending

Safavids Build an Empire Built a very powerful army Isma’il – at 12 years old, took 2 years to conquered present day Iran ◦ Took the ancient Persian title of Shah (king) ◦ Became religious tyrant ◦ His son Tahmasp expanded empire to the Caucasus Mountains, northeast of Turkey

Shah Abbas AKA ~ Abbas the Great Created the Golden Age of the Empire Limited military power & created 2 new armies Built new capital at Esfahan, considered to be the most beautiful city in the world Brought in Chinese artisans to decorate the mosques, palaces, etc. Demand for Persian carpets rose & he sent artist to Italy to study under Renaissance artist

Dynasty Ends Shah Abbas killed &/or blinded his ablest sons, incompetent grandson (Safi) succeeded him Empire quickly declined & with the death of Shah Nadir in 1747 the Empire fell apart

Mughal Empire, India Mughals… ◦ Descendants of Timur the Lame & Genghis Khan ◦ Term means “Mongols” ◦ Delhi was capital Babur … ◦ Inherited kingdom at 11 years old ◦ In today’s Uzbekistan & Tajikistand ◦ Brilliant general ◦ His son, Humayun, took over & lost almost all land ◦ Grandson then took over at age 13, Akbar

Akbar “Greatest One” Had great military & political wisdom Was able to unify at least 100 million people Muslim, but defended religious freedom Abolished taxes on non-Muslims Put in place a graduated income tax based upon a % the crop’s value Welcomed influences from many cultures His son Jahangir was his successor ◦ “Grasper of the World”

Shah Jahan Jahangir’s son & successor Passion for 2 things… ◦ Beautiful buildings ◦ His third wife Mumtaz Mahal Mumtaz Mahal died at the age of 39 while giving birth to their 14 th child He then built a tomb/memorial for her out of white marble & jewels – Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal located in Agra, India name Taj Mahal means “crown of palaces” Construction took 22 years, 1631 to 1653 ◦ 20,000 workers ◦ more than 1,000 elephants ◦ many as 28 different varieties of semi-precious and precious stones were used  stones were ripped off from its walls by the British during the Indian rebellion of 1857 ◦ made of white marble dome that is often called an ‘onion dome’ due to its shape complex includes a large garden, a reflecting pool, a mosque and other mausoleums

Inside the Taj Mahal Muslim tradition forbids elaborate decoration of graves Both bodies were put in a relatively plain crypt beneath the inner chamber with their faces turned right and towards Mecca Mumtaz Mahal's cenotaph is placed at the precise center of the inner chamber on a rectangular marble base Shah Jahan's cenotaph is beside Mumtaz's to the western side, and is the only visible asymmetric element in the entire complex. ◦ His cenotaph is bigger than his wife's, but reflects the same elements: a larger casket on a slightly taller base

Empire’s Decay Empire had drained all resources by the end of Aurangzeb’s rule (Shah Jahan’s 3 rd son) ◦ Famine ◦ War ◦ No loyalty to him & his sons fought wars of succession after his death Western traders started to move into the Mughal Empire & started taking over