The problem of being in the Early Ancient Philosophy Department of Philosophy and Psychology Lecturer: PhD, docent Elena Shevchenko For all specialities

Lection’s plan The problem of being in the early ancient Philosophy 2 From Thales to Socrates  Philosophy of Anaksimen and Anaximander  Philosophical schools of Antiquity  The Pythagorean school and the value of the ancient philosophy of nature  Dialectical doctrine of Heraclitus  Atomic theory of Democritus  Parmenides's doctrine of being  The value of the early period of Ancient Philosophy.

Requirements for knowledge and skills 3 Knowledge  The Antique Philosophy of natural philosophy period  Tendencies in the development of early philosophical schools of Antiquity  Authors and Terminology philosophy of early Antiquity Skills  Be able to identify the similarities and differences of philosophical concepts of early Antiquity.  Be able to orient in a variety of opinions, beliefs and values that are the basis of an earlier Ancient Philosophy.

Material for knowledge recovery 4 To prepare for the theme of “The problem of being in the Early Ancient Philosophy” is necessary to repeat the basic issues of the ontology on the fallowing topics: ■ Philosophical knowledge and its role in society ■ Ancient Oriental Philosophy

Contents The problem of being in the Early Antique Philosophy 5 1.Main concepts 2.Academic material 3.Questions for self-examination 4.Recommended books

Main concepts The problem of being in the Early Ancient Philosophy 6  Atom  Apeiron  Dialectics  Cosmology  Monism  Philosophy of nature  Ontology  First principle  Pythagorean Union  Cognition  Number

Academic material From Thales to Socrates 7 Ancient Greek Philosophy occurred in 6 century BC and preferably its content has become materialistic. The desire to know the structure of the world was the distinguishing feature of the Ionian school of Philosophy in the early period of its existence.The desire to know the structure of the world was the distinguishing feature of the Ionian school of Philosophy in the early period of its existence. Thales first began to research in this field. He taught that “water was the beginning of everything”.Thales first began to research in this field. He taught that “water was the beginning of everything”. Monism – is a way of exploring the diverse phenomena of the world, coming from the same startMonism – is a way of exploring the diverse phenomena of the world, coming from the same start

Anaximander: His calculation of the quantities of the heavenly bodies and distances between them are set out in writing in the form of small essay which is considered the oldest philosophical work. He decided that start for all, or first principle is not water, but unlimited “All” (unlimited (boundless) start). Анаксимен: Anaksimen felt within himself the presence of something that moved him. He did not know how and why something higher than himself, invisible constantly made itself felt. He called it his life. His life, he believed, was the air. Academic material From Thales to Socrates Anaksimen 8

The Pythagorean school The method and the tendency of the Pythagorean school is a deductive method. This tendency is reflected in the recognition of abstractions only legal content of science. That is why it is often called the mathematical school. The method and the tendency of the Pythagorean school is a deductive method. This tendency is reflected in the recognition of abstractions only legal content of science. That is why it is often called the mathematical school. «The numbers are cause of all material existence (of all things)". «The numbers are cause of all material existence (of all things)". Academic material From Thales to Socrates 9 The value of the ancient philosophy of nature 1 For the first time the question was posed: “What is world?” 2. This question was decided, based on the observation of nature. This is a scientific approach. 3. Natural materialists have come to the conclusion that the world is united and constant.

Academic material Atomic theory of Democritus 10 Democritus believed that the universal principle of the world are atoms Atomic characteristics: Impenetrability Indivisible Are able to move Atoms have an internal source of motion: the gravity and repulsion

Рисунок Being - is in the present existence. To exist means to be. This is the only reality. The characteristics of being– It is one and indivisible. It is static (constant). It is present everywhere. It is eternal. Academic material Parmenides's doctrine of being 11

Рисунок In ancient philosophy outlined the main issues of the future of European philosophy. It is the materialistic and idealistic approach to the solution of philosophical problems of the world and human existence. Academic material Conclusion 12

Acquired Knowledge 13  Main philosophical schools and concepts in early antiquity  The theory about first principle of the world  The Pythagorean theory about number  The Democritus' theory about atoms  The Parmenides ontology  Dialectical doctrine of Heraclitus

Questions for self-examination 14 What problems have been researched in philosophy of early antiquity? What are the features of the Philosophy of early antiquity? What question was central in the theories of the pre-Socratic period? What are the features of the atoms according to the Democritus theory? What are the features of being according to the Parmenides theory? Which of the ancient said: “In the same river can not enter twice, the newly incoming flow is new waters?” Uncover the essence of the theory of Pythagoras number.

Recommended literature 15 1.Philisophy: Textbook for higher education/edited by V.N. Lavrinenko. – М., Anthology of philosophical thought. – М., Asmus V.F. Antique Philosophy. – М., Ilyin V. The history of philosophy: Textbook for higher education. – St. Petersburg, Karatiny R. Introduction to Philosophy. – М., Kirilenko G.G., Shevtsov E.V., Short philosophical dictionary. – М., Losev A.F. The history of ancient philosophy in a summary (brief) presentation. – М., The fragments of the early Greek philosophers. – М., – Part 1.

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