4/25/2017 9:25 AM Inertial Profiler Forum Intro to the Inertial Profiler Implementation September 28, 2015 © 2015 California Department of Transportation. All Rights Reserved © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Objectives What is Smoothness? Profilograph Inertial Profiler 4/25/2017 9:25 AM Objectives What is Smoothness? Profilograph Inertial Profiler International Roughness Index (IRI) Equipment & Operator Certification To understand pavement smoothness we must first define pavement roughness © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

What is Pavement Smoothness? 4/25/2017 9:25 AM What is Pavement Smoothness? ASTM defines pavement roughness as “The deviations of a pavement surface from a true planar surface with characteristic dimensions that affect vehicle dynamics…” Pavement Smoothness is lack of pavement roughness Smoothness does not mean less friction! To understand pavement smoothness we must first define pavement roughness © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Benefits of Smooth Pavements 4/25/2017 9:25 AM Benefits of Smooth Pavements Smoother roads: Provide comfortable ride Last longer, Stay smoother longer, Are safer, and Save money No matter how well a pavement is designed and built, no matter how long that pavement lasts, the users of the roadway will call it good or bad primarily based on the smoothness (or comfortability) of the ride. Numerous studies by the Federal Highway Administration, National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), and National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA) have looked at the affect of smoothness on pavement life. There studies have found a common thread: Pavement built smoother tend to last longer. One reason as to why they last longer could be attributed to the effect of dynamic loading. Rougher pavements result in more dynamic loading, subjecting pavements to much heavier loads than they were designed for. Thus, wearing them out faster. There is evidence from limited studies of smoothness progression over time shows that pavements built smoother will stay smoother longer. There are a lot of design and construction factors that influence smoothness; but when designed and constructed properly, smoother roads tend to stay smoother longer. Rough roads can result in a loss of vehicle control, a reduction in a person’s ability to perform motor tasks, driver fatigue, and an increased frequency of lost load accidents. Smoother roads help save both the user and owner-agency money. Studies suggest that pavements built smoother initially, require less maintenance over the life of the pavement. Additionally studies have shown that smoother pavements decrease both fuel consumption and vehicle maintenance for users. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

How Do We Measure Pavement Smoothness? 4/25/2017 9:25 AM How Do We Measure Pavement Smoothness? Before 2012, Pavement smoothness was measured using a California profilograph and straightedge After 2012, pavement smoothness was measured using inertial profiler and straightedge © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

California Profilograph 4/25/2017 9:25 AM California Profilograph The first profilograph was invented by Francis Hveem and constructed in 1940 by the Materials and Research Division of the California Division of Highways. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

How is Smoothness Quantified using a Profilograph? Profile Index Must Grinds

Profile Index (PI) HMA Pavement Concrete Pavement 4/25/2017 9:25 AM Profile Index (PI) HMA Pavement PI of 2.5 inches per 0.1 mile Thicknesses greater than or equal to 0.25 foot On tangents and curves larger than 2,000 foot radius PI of 5 inches per 0.1 mile On 1,000 foot to 2,000 foot curves Concrete Pavement Same as HMA pavement with no thickness limitation © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

4/25/2017 9:25 AM Must Grinds Defined by Caltrans as “a deviation of 0.3 inch or more in a length of 25 feet” In other words, a must grind is an isolated area of roughness. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Limitations of Profilograph Because its front and rear wheels are in contact with the pavement surface, the profilograph cannot accurately measure the pavement profile.

Limitations of Profilograph 4/25/2017 9:25 AM Limitations of Profilograph Actual Profile Dip Dip Profilograph Trace Phantom Bumps © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Inertial Profiler ©Copyright the U. of Michigan

Inertial Profiler

Inertial Profiler Benefits Collects data at a high rate of speed Collects data for both wheel paths simultaneously No need to set up traffic control Safer for workers and users Provides cost savings

How is Smoothness Quantified using an Inertial Profiler? International Roughness Index (IRI) Computer Algorithm (Quarter car model) Areas of Localized Roughness Isolated areas of roughness

Ride Comfort Depends on: Road Roughness Vehicle Response to the Road Human Response to Vibration

Human Response to Vibration

International Roughness Index The International Roughness Index (IRI) is a scale for roughness based on the simulated response of a generic motor vehicle to the roughness in a single wheel path of the road surface. IRI is used to define a characteristic of the longitudinal profile of a traveled wheel track and constitutes a standardized roughness measurement.

International Roughness Index It’s true value is determined by obtaining an accurate measurement of the profile of the road, processing it through an algorithm that simulates the way a reference vehicle would respond to the roughness inputs, and accumulating the suspension travel Commonly reported in units of inches/mile or meters/kilometer

Quarter Car (Golden Car) Filter ©Copyright the U. of Michigan

Mean Roughness Index The average of the IRIs from the left and right wheel paths for the same lane is the mean roughness index (MRI) Pavement smoothness is quantified as averaging the results of the IRI for the left and right wheel paths in an individual lane Every 0.1 mile (528 ft) section of the lane is analyzed SSP highlights

Revised Standard Specification Definition - IRI ETW Direction of Travel Direction of Travel LWP IRI = 62 in/mi IRI = 64 in/mi RWP IRI = 58 in/mi IRI = 60 in/mi ETW 0.1 mile 0.1 mile RWP = Right Wheel Path LWP = Left Wheel Path

Definitions – IRI/MRI ETW Direction of Travel Direction of Travel LWP IRI = 62 in/mi IRI = 64 in/mi MRI = 60 in/mi MRI = 62 in/mi RWP IRI = 58 in/mi IRI = 60 in/mi ETW 0.1 mile 0.1 mile RWP = Right Wheel Path LWP = Left Wheel Path

Areas of Localized Roughness “Areas of Localized Roughness” in inertial profiler replaced the locations of “Must Grinds” in profilograph Areas of localized roughness uses a continuous IRI for each wheel path with a 25 ft interval Areas of localized roughness must be corrected regardless of the MRI values of a 0.1 mile section

International Roughness Index 31 states currently using IRI for HMA smoothness index

International Roughness Index 16 states currently using IRI for PCC smoothness index

IP Operator & Equipment Certification Day 1 – Translab (5900 Folsom Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95819) The following will be performed: Operator Written Test (Min 70% passing score) Day 1 or 2 – Calibration Site The following tests will be performed: Block (laser test) Bounce (accelerometer test) DMI (distance measuring test) Repeatability (precision) Reproducibility (comparison to reference profile/device) All tests will be done in accordance to AASHTO standards R 56 “Certification of Inertial Profiling Systems” R 57 “Operating Inertial Profiling Systems” California Test Method (CTM) 387

Calibration Site N HMA TEST SECTION

Calibration Site Information The site is located in the median of Interstate 80 at the Sacramento Regional Transit Light Rail station (Watt/I-80) parking lot Asphalt test section University of California Pavement Research Center administers the calibration program Certification testing will be conducted approximately 5 to 6 times per year

Calibration results Inertial Profilers passing the calibration tests will be issued a decal The decal signifies certification valid for 12 months Equipment Operators will be certified for 12 months Equipment operators certification is based on the inertial profiler equipment brand/vendor used during the testing

Smoothness Website http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/maint/Pavement/Offices/Pavement_Engineering/Smoother_Pavements.html Go to Caltrans website and type “Pavement Smoothness” in the search section on the top right corner and click on Go. Then click on Smoother Pavements link. GO TO SMOOTHNESS WEBSITE AND SHOW AUDIENCE THE LIST OF CERTIFIED IP OPERATORS AND EQUIPMENT

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