Seawater Ion Concentrations IonAtomic WeightConcentrationConcentration mg/L (ppm)mole/L Cl - 35.51.90 x 10 4 5.3 x 10 -1 Na + 231.08 x 10 4 4.7.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Chapter 3 Section 3 OBJECTIVES:

Advertisements

EARTHS WATER SUPPLY. SOME QUICK FACTS 70% of the Earths surface is covered with water 70% of the Earths surface is covered with water 97% of Earths water.

Water: A Limited Resource Chapter 14. The Importance of Water Objectives: 1.Describe how the structure of water molecules accounts for the many important.

Global Wind Patterns and Weather & Weather Basic

THE WATER CYCLE Water moves from the oceans to the atmosphere, from the atmosphere to the land, and from the land back to the oceans.

Earth’s Climate System (part 2) revisiting the radiation budget heat capacity heat transfer circulation of atmosphere (winds) Coriolis Effect circulation.

Last time… Key questions 1.Why does air move? 2.Are movements of winds random across Earth’s surface, or do they follow regular patterns? 3.Implications.

Course Schedule Overview Natural Environments: The Atmosphere GE 101 – Spring 2007 Boston University Myneni Feb (1 of 1) GG101 Overview (L01) Part.

The Ocean. Ocean Water (ch. 17.1) We depend on ocean for: –Food & resources –Acts as barrier between continents.

Atmosphere 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen. Water Vapor up to 4% by volume leaves atmosphere as dew, rain or snow.

CLIMATE WHAT IN FLUENCES the Climate of a region?

Hydrologic Cycle/Water Balances. Earth’s Water Covers approximately 75% of the surface Volcanic emissions Only known substance that naturally exists as.

Assignment #2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere The Sun’s energy is used for many things. Some of these uses are: Food grown by crops exposed to sunlight,

Lecture 6: The Hydrologic Cycle EarthsClimate_Web_Chapter.pdfEarthsClimate_Web_Chapter.pdf, p. 10, 16-17, 21, 31-32, 34.

Heat Transfer in Earth’s Oceans WOW!, 3 meters of ocean water can hold as much energy as all other Earth Systems combined!

The Oceans Composition. The Oceans There are five main oceans: –Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic.

Part I The hydrologic cycle.  This is also called the water cycle  It is the recycling of the water between the oceans, land and atmosphere  There.

WHERE IS THE EARTH’S WATER LOCATED? WHAT ARE THE PROCESSES OF THE WATER CYCLE? Hydrosphere.

WaterSection 1 Water Resources Water is essential to life on Earth. Humans can live for more than month without food, but we can live for only a few days.

7 th Grade Science - Weather.  Water is constantly cycled through ecosystems  Oceans contain about 97% of the world’s water  The remainder is freshwater.

PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER

Questions for Today:  What is Weather and Climate?  What are four major factors that determine Global Air Circulation?  How do Ocean Currents affect.

Introduction to Ecology Chapter 52. Climate ► …is the average long-term weather of an area; varies with differing amounts of solar energy received by.

Engineering Hydrology (ECIV 4323)

What is one requirement of all living things? Water.

What causes winds? Uneven heating between the equatorial poles causes global winds. Since Earth is a sphere AND it is tilted on its axis, the sun’s energy.

Climate Climate is the average weather over a long period of time – Weather is the current condition of the atmosphere – Factors affecting weather/climate.

Atmospheric circulation

Key points from last lecture: 1 - Basic Laws: -Unit Conversion: -Properties of Water: -Watersheds: -Regional Water Balance:

Chapter 3 Section 3.

Water Resources.

Chapter 2 Section 1 The Water Planet. Water Cycle As we already know, our planet is 70% water As we already know, our planet is 70% water As a liquid,

Global Climate Change Climate Review. Global Circulation The solar radiation hitting the Earth is unequal…WHY? –Earth is oblate (slightly flattened)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 5 Water and Seawater.

0002 Water and its role in the earth's processes: 1. identify the properties of water in its different physical states.

Air-Sea interactions Chapter 8. SOLAR CONNECTION- Air and Sun “Others” represents the percentage of Water Vapor and Aerosols.

Where does water come from? Origin of the Solar System.

Weather and Climate. Solar System Consists of the sun and the objects that move around it Consists of the sun and the objects that move around it.

How Convection Currents Affect Weather and Climate.

GCM’s Heating of the Earth Uneven Solar Energy Inputs: Earth is heated unevenly by the sun due to different angles of incidence between the horizon and.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 5 Water and Seawater Salinity.

Water in the Atmosphere. The Water Cycle A. Evaporation: Is the process by which water molecules in a liquid escape into air as water vapor. –Requires.

 Name the three major processes in the water cycle.  Describe the properties of ocean water.  Describe the two types of ocean currents.  Explain how.

Coriolis Effect: Deflection of moving objects/large masses due to the rotation of Earth on its axis (EX: currents & missiles) –Northern Hemisphere: RIGHT.

Do Now! #2 Draw the water cycle. Draw the water cycle. Describe the following terms: Describe the following terms: Evaporation: Evaporation: Condensation:

The Hydrosphere all of the water on or near the Earth’s surface covers almost 75% of the Earth’s surface includes water in the oceans, lakes, rivers,

The Hydrosphere and Biosphere

Environmental Sciences Course Air Pollution and Climate Change

GCM’s Heating of the Earth

Weather Weather Weather- the condition of the atmosphere at a location over a short period of time Factors that determine the weather Solar energy- amount.

Do Now 1) What is weather? 2) If you could travel anywhere in the world, where would you go? Where is this place (i.e. northwestern hemisphere, near.

Weather Weather Weather- the condition of the atmosphere at a location over a short period of time Factors that determine the weather Solar energy- amount.

Ch 18 Trefil & Hazen The Sciences

Radiation Balance and Feedbacks

The Water Cycle NATURE SA 2016/2017.

A. Composition of Ocean Water

Lecture 6: The Hydrologic Cycle

Climate and Ecosystems

Water on Earth.

THE WATER CYCLE The Water Cycle.

Atmospheric Circulation

Water on Earth.

Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity

Water on Earth.

The Hydrosphere and the Biosphere

Climate Climate is the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time. Climate is determined by a variety of factors that include latitude,

Presentation transcript:

Seawater Ion Concentrations IonAtomic WeightConcentrationConcentration mg/L (ppm)mole/L Cl x x Na x x Mg x x Ca x x Fe x x "best" current estimate *Fe x x * Text tables - Seawater: Its composition, properties and behavior, Open University, 1989.

Inventory of H 2 O on Earth (S ~ 1.5 x 10 9 km 3 ) World water supply consists mainly of the salt water contained in the oceans (left). The world's fresh water comprises only about 3% of the total supply; three-quarters of it is locked up in the world's polar ice caps and glaciers and most of the rest is found as ground water or in lakes. The very small amount of water in the atmosphere at any one time (top right) is nonetheless of vital importance as a major energizer of weather systems. (Penman, Scientific American, 223, , 1970 (Sept).) Equivalent Depths (m) if spread over entire Earth (5.1 x 10 8 km 2 ) Water vapor0.03 Surface water (lakes and rivers) Groundwater Ice and snow Oceans2700

Mean Annual H 2 O Fluxes (cm/yr) P E Q Earth Ocean Land * ** * River discharge (Q) from land equals Q to ocean, but total surface area used for ocean and land differ by a factor of ~2.5. ** Land average Q/P ~ 35%

Water Vapor in the Atmosphere (mm) Polar (winter) 2 Polar (summer) 8 Mid latitude (winter) 10 Mid latitude (summer) 20 Equatorial 44 factor of 20 in amounts of water vapor throughout entire atmosphere colummn at any given time: high in tropics, low at poles. results primarily from very large difference in amount of water vapor that warm air can hold, compared to cold air. t (H 2 O vapor) ~25 mm /????????

Hydrologic Budget: Reservoirs and Fluxes Figure The hydrologic cycle. Numbers in parentheses represent inventories (in 10 6 km 3 for each reservoir. Fluxes are in 10 6 km 3 per year. (Data from Tables 2.1 and 2.2). 1. River Q (3.7x10 4 km 3 /yr) = Vapor (NET) from ocean 2. Q/P (fraction of runoff) = (3.7x10 4 ) / (11x10 4 ) = 34% 3. tH 2 O(ocean) = (mass of water in ocean) / Q(rivers) = (1.37x10 9 km 3 ) / (3.7x10 4 km 3 /yr) = 4x10 4 yrs 4. tH 2 O(vapor) = (mass of water in atm) / [P(land) + P(ocean)] = (1.3x10 4 km 3 ) / [( ) x 10 4 km 3 /yr] = (2.6x10 -2 yr) x (3.65x10 2 ) day/yr = 9.5 days

Hadley Cell Circulation ITCZ - air from both hemispheres, flowing toward equator, must rise. rain forms, releasing more energy to cause further vertical convection (positive feedback). 30° N and S zones of subsiding air - hence low precip rates, and includes many of the major deserts of the world.