ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY LECTURE 1 12/8/2015Zool 303 (Dr Saba Butt)1

SUBDISCIPLINES OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY Comparative Physiology Environmental Physiology Evolutionary Physiology Developmental Physiology Cell Physiology Molecular Physiology 12/8/2015Zool 303 (Dr Saba Butt)2

APPLICATIONS OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY Commercial and Agricultural Applications  Increase in production of eggs, milk and meat  Improved breeding techniques  Genetic engineering 12/8/2015Zool 303 (Dr Saba Butt)3

APPLICATIONS OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY Insights into Human Physiology Human species share with other animal species: - The same fundamental biological processes, collectively called “life” - The same constraints established by laws of physics and chemistry 12/8/2015Zool 303 (Dr Saba Butt)4

- The same principles and mechanisms of Mendalian and molecular genetics - A common origin in the branching tree of evolutionary biology 12/8/2015Zool 303 (Dr Saba Butt)5

EXAMPLES Beating of human heart is on the same principles on which hearts of fish, frog or birds beat Molecular events in nerve impulse are almost the same in human as in invertebrates like squid or in other vertebrate animals like rat or mice Living tissue’s normal function (healthy) and malfunction (disease) could be understood with the help of animal models of human disease (diabetic rat or mice, obese mice, hypertensive rats) 12/8/2015Zool 303 (Dr Saba Butt)6