Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology How does the form relate to the function?

Introduction All living organisms share the following characteristics:  Responsiveness  Growth  Reproduction  Movement  Metabolism Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Biology ◦ The Study of Life Anatomists study:  Internal and external structure  Physical relationships among body parts Physiologists study:  How organisms perform vital functions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Gross anatomy ◦ “Naked eye” anatomy ◦ Macroscopic anatomy ◦ Surface anatomy  General form and superficial markings ◦ Regional anatomy  All superficial and internal features of a specific part of the body  Sectional anatomy Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Systemic Anatomy ◦ Anatomy of individual body systems Microscopic Anatomy ◦ Study of structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye Comparative Anatomy ◦ Comparative study – compares anatomy of one type of organism to another type Developmental Anatomy ◦ Study of body features from fertilization to maturity Pathological Anatomy ◦ Study of the effect of disease on the body

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Microscopic anatomy ◦ Cytology: study of individual cells ◦ Histology: study of tissues ◦ Embryology: study of embryonic structures Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Human physiology: Study of human body function  Cell physiology  Study of the functions of human cells  Special physiology  Study of functions of specific organs  System physiology  Study of functions of body system  Pathological physiology  Study of effects of diseases on organs or organ function Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Additional Subdivisions Pathology ◦ Study of disease – effects of disease on the human body Immunology ◦ Study of immune response and disorders of the body’s defense mechanism Hematology ◦ Study of blood and its disorders Endocrinology ◦ Study of the endocrine system – hormones and their roles Genetics ◦ Inheritance Psychology ◦ Study of mental processes and behavior

Levels of Organization Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:  Chemical (or Molecular)  Cellular  Tissue  Organ  Organ System  Organism Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organism Level Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Heart muscle cell Protein filaments Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20) Figure of 7

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Figure of 7

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Heart muscle cell Protein filaments Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Figure of 7

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiac muscle tissue Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Heart muscle cell Protein filaments Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Figure of 7

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiovascular Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Heart muscle cell Protein filaments Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20) Figure of 7

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Heart muscle cell Protein filaments Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20) Figure of 7

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Heart muscle cell Protein filaments Complex protein molecule Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Organism Level Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20) Figure of 7

Overview of Organ Systems The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems: ◦ Integumentary ◦ Skeletal ◦ Muscular ◦ Nervous ◦ Endocrine ◦ Cardiovascular ◦ Lymphatic ◦ Respiratory ◦ Digestive ◦ Urinary ◦ Reproductive Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Integumentary System Figure 1-2(a)

The Skeletal System Figure 1-2(b)

The Muscular System Figure 1-2(c)

The Nervous System Figure 1-2(d)

The Endocrine System Figure 1-2(e)

The Cardiovascular System Figure 1-2(f)

The Lymphatic System Figure 1-2(g)

The Respiratory System Figure 1-2(h)

The Digestive System Figure 1-2(i)

The Urinary System Figure 1-2(j)

Male Reproductive System Figure 1-2(k)

Female Reproductive System Figure 1-2(l)

Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis ◦ Maintains stable internal conditions  Temperature  Ionic concentrations  Blood sugar levels, etc. ◦ Utilizes negative feedback mechanisms Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Regulation depends on: ◦ Receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus ◦ Effector that affects the same stimulus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature Figure of 6

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises Normal condition disturbed HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature Figure of 6

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises Normal condition disturbed HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature Information affects CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) 20 o 30 o 40 o Figure of 6

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises Normal condition disturbed HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature EFFECTOR Air conditioner turns on Sends commands to Information affects CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) 20 o 30 o 40 o Figure of 6

RECEPTOR Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises Normal condition disturbed HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature RESPONSE: Room temperature drops Normal condition restored EFFECTOR Air conditioner turns on Sends commands to Information affects CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) 20 o 30 o 40 o Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure of 6

Homeostatic Regulation Negative Feedback: ◦ Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective response ◦ Response negates disturbance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2 o C (99 o F) RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Negative feedback Sends commands to Information affects Information affects CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Sends commands to EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback Control mechanism when body temperature falls RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2 o C (99 o F) RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2 o C (99 o F) Control mechanism when body temperature rises CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Figure of 10

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2 o C (99 o F) Control mechanism when body temperature rises CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Information affects Figure of 10

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2 o C (99 o F) Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Information affects Figure of 10

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2 o C (99 o F) RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Negative feedback Sends commands to CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Information affects Figure of 10

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2 o C (99 o F) Control mechanism when body temperature falls CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Figure of 10

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2 o C (99 o F) Control mechanism when body temperature falls CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Information affects Figure of 10

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2 o C (99 o F) Control mechanism when body temperature falls EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Sends commands to CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Information affects Figure of 10

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2 o C (99 o F) RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Control mechanism when body temperature falls EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback Sends commands to CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Information affects Figure of 10

Figure of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2 o C (99 o F) RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Negative feedback Sends commands to Information affects Information affects CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Sends commands to EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback Control mechanism when body temperature falls RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2 o C (99 o F) RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored

Homeostatic Regulation Positive Feedback: ◦ Stimulus produces response that reinforces the stimulus ◦ Response rapidly completes critical process Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Figure 1-5

Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis and Disease ◦ Failure of homeostatic regulation ◦ Symptoms appear ◦ Organ system malfunction Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment. They monitor and adjust internal conditions. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Surface Anatomy ◦ Anatomical Position  Hands at side  Palms forward  Feet together ◦ Supine: Face up ◦ Prone: Face down Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-6(a)

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-6(b)

The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Regions ◦ Two methods to map abdominal and pelvic regions  Four abdominopelvic quadrants  Nine abdominopelvic regions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(a)

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(b)

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(c)

The Language of Anatomy A few anatomical directions: ◦ Anterior (= ventral) ◦ Posterior (= dorsal) ◦ Superior ◦ Inferior ◦ Lateral ◦ Medial ◦ Proximal ◦ Distal Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-8

The Language of Anatomy Sectional Anatomy: Planes and Sections ◦ Transverse plane  Transverse section ◦ Frontal plane  Frontal section ◦ Sagittal plane  Sagittal section Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-9

The Language of Anatomy Ventral body cavity ◦ Protects delicate organs ◦ Permits organ growth and movement ◦ Surrounds:  Respiratory  Cardiovascular  Digestive  Urinary  Reproductive organs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity: ◦ Thoracic cavity  Pleural cavities (R and L)  Pericardial cavity ◦ Abdominopelvic cavity  Abdominal cavity  Pelvic cavity  Peritoneal membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Key Note Anatomical descriptions refer to an individual in the anatomical position: standing, with the hands at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet together. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-10(a)

The Language of Anatomy Radiological Procedures ◦ X-rays ◦ CT Scans ◦ MRIs ◦ Ultrasound Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

X-Rays Figure 1-11(a)

X-Rays Figure 1-11(b)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(a)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(b)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(c)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(d)