Chapter Seventh Edition O ut of Many A History of the American People Brief Sixth Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Brief Sixth Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Slavery and Empire

Slavery and Empire The Beginnings of African Slavery The African Slave Trade The Development of North American Slave SocietiesThe Development of North American Slave Societies African to African American Slavery and the Economics of Empire Slavery, Prosperity, and Freedom Conclusion

Chapter Focus Questions How did the modern system of slavery develop? What was the history of the slave trade and the Middle Passage? How did Africans manage to create communities among the brutal slave system?

Chapter Focus Questions (cont’d) What were the connections between the institutions of slavery and the imperial system of the eighteenth century? How and why did racism develop in America?

North America and Stono, SC

American Communities: Rebellion in Stono, South Carolina South Carolina rebellion  Slaves go to Florida where freedom had been promised Enslaved Africans greatly outnumbered white colonists Sense of desperation but also of community History of community: oral accounts of the rebellion persisted into the 1930s

The Beginnings of African Slavery

A portion of the Catalan Atlas

The Beginnings of African Slavery Moral implications Muslims and Africans slaves because not Christians 1441: Portuguese brought slaves to sugar plantations on Madeira

African slaves operate a sugar mill

Sugar and Slavery Expansion of sugar production increased demand for slaves. Portugal created brutal but profitable slave labor in Brazil Dutch merchants  financed and directed the sugar trade  France and later Britain developed own Caribbean sugar plantations

Sugar and Slavery (cont'd) Caribbean sugar and slaves  core of the European colonial system.

West Africans Slaves from well-established societies and local communities of West Africa More than 100 societies on West African coast Sophisticated systems of farming Extensive trade networks Household slavery an established institution

West Africans (cont'd) Slaves treated more as family than as possessions Children born free American slavery transformed, brutalized the African institution

The African Slave Trade

The Demography of Slave Trade Most slaves were transported to the Caribbean or South America. One in 20 were delivered to North America (600,000). Men generally outnumbered women two to one.

MAP 4.1 The African Slave Trade

FIGURE 4.1 Africans Imported to Mainland British North America, 1626–1800

A Global Enterprise All Western European nations participated in the African slave trade. The slave trade was dominated by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century, the Dutch in the sugar boom of the seventeenth century, and the English who entered the trade in the seventeenth century.

A Global Enterprise (cont'd) New England slavers entered the trade in the eighteenth century. Of 10.5 million Africans who arrived in the Americas, 90% went to the sugar colonies.

MAP 4.2 Slave Colonies of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

The Shock of Enslavement Enslavement was an unparalleled shock. African raiders or armies often violently attacked villages to take captives. The captives were marched to the coast, many dying along the way. On the coast, the slaves were kept in barracoons where they were separated from their families, branded, and dehumanized.

The Middle Passage Middle Passage  Middle portion of the triangle trade  Shelves 6 feet long and 30 inches high  Crowded together spoon fashion  Little or no sanitation, food was poor  Dysentery and disease.  Slaves resistance: -jumping overboard, refusing to eat, revolting  One in six slaves died during this voyage.

Portrait of Olaudah Equiano

Slaves below deck on the Portugese vessel Albaroz

Political and Economic Effects on Africa Slavery enriched a few in Africa, but slave wars ravaged populations, spreading death and destruction far inland. Loss of population and access to cheap European goods led to economic stagnation and prepared the way for direct European colonization in the nineteenth century.

The Development of North American Slave Societies

Africans herded from a slave ship

FIGURE 4.2 Africans as a Percentage of Total Population of the British Colonies, 1650–1770

The Development of North American Slave Societies By 1770, Africans and African Americans numbered 460,000 in British North America–comprising over 20% of the colonial population.

Slavery Comes to North America 1619: first Africans in Virginia From a society with slaves to a slave society  Decline in servant immigration  Better opportunities for English servants  The Royal English African Company -labor shortage was filled with slaves. Virginia: comprehensive slave code

Slavery Comes to North America (cont'd) 1700–1710: More Africans imported than in the entire previous century

The Tobacco Colonies Tobacco: 25% of the value of all colonial exports Slavery allowed expansion of tobacco production Using slave labor, tobacco grown on large plantations and small farms

The Tobacco Colonies (cont'd) Natural increase of slave population in Chesapeake  1750s: 80% of Chesapeake slaves were “country born,” adding to planters’ capital.

The Lower South South Carolina: slave society from its founding Indian slave trade. Rice and indigo Large plantations—slaves dominated. Georgia prohibited slavery

The Lower South (cont'd) 1770: About 80% of the coastal population of South Carolina and Georgia was African American.

image of Mulberry Plantation, near Charleston, South Carolina, about 1800.

Slavery in the Spanish Colonies Papacy denouncement, but basic part of the Spanish colonial labor system Varied by region  Cuba sugar plantations: brutal  Florida: Household slavery as in Mediterranean and African communities  New Mexico: Mine labor, house servants, fieldworkers