Accounting Clinic III McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

With contributions by Stephen H. Penman – Columbia University Clinic III-2

Why do Firms Hold Debt and Equity Securities? To invest idle funds (usually in debt securities) As part of their operational plan (usually equity securities) In an investment portfolio where investments are bought or sold As a permanent investment in affiliates and subsidiaries Clinic III-3

Classifying Debt and Equity Securities by their Accounting Treatment Debt Held to Maturity Available for Sale Trading Equity Less than 20% ownership Greater than 20% ownership Available for Sale Trading Go to clinic V Clinic III-4

What are Marketable Securities? Debt securities Equity securities representing less then 20% interest in another corporation For the accounting for equity securities with greater than 20% ownership go to Accounting Clinic V Clinic III-5

Classifications of Marketable Securities Debt securities are classified into one of three categories: held-to-maturity available-for-sale trading. Equity securities (representing less then 20% ownership) are classified into one of two categories: available-for-sale trading. The appropriateness of the classification should be reassessed at each reporting date. Clinic III-6

Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities Investments in debt securities should be classified as held-to-maturity only if the reporting enterprise has the positive intent and ability to hold those securities to maturity. An enterprise should not classify a debt security as held-to-maturity if it intends to hold the security for only an indefinite period. Clinic III-7

Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities – The Accounting Rule Held to maturity are measured at their historical cost. If debt were purchased at a discount or premium over par value, the discount of premium is amortized to the income statement. Clinic III-8

The Effective Interest Method The effective interest rate is the internal rate of return or yield to maturity at the time of issue. Under the effective interest rate method, the interest expense for a period is calculated as the effective interest rate times the bonds’ book value at the beginning of the period. Thus, under this method, the implied interest rate is constant. Clinic III-9

Trading Securities and Available-for- Sale Securities (both Debt and Equity) Investments in debt securities (not classified as held-to-maturity) and equity securities that have readily determinable fair values should be classified as either: Trading available-for-sale Clinic III-10

Trading Securities Securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term (thus held for only a short period of time) should be classified as trading securities. Trading generally reflects active and frequent buying and selling, and trading securities are generally used with the objective of generating profits on short-term differences in price. Clinic III-11

Available-for-Sale Securities Investments not classified as trading securities (nor as held-to-maturity securities) should be classified as available-for-sale securities. Clinic III-12

Reporting Changes in Fair Value - Unrealized Unrealized holding gains and losses for trading securities should be included in net income Unrealized holding gains and losses for available- for-sale securities (including those classified as current assets) should be excluded from net income and reported as a net amount in other comprehensive income within shareholders' equity until realized. Clinic III-13

Reporting Changes in Fair Value - Realized Dividend and interest income, including amortization of the premium and discount arising at acquisition, should be included in net income (for all securities). Realized gains and losses should be included in net income (for all securities). Clinic III-14

Balance Sheet Presentation An enterprise should report all trading securities as current assets in the balance sheet and should report individual held-to- maturity securities and individual available- for-sale securities as either current or noncurrent, as appropriate. Clinic III-15

Statement of Cash Flows Cash flows from purchases, sales, and maturities of available-for-sale securities and held-to- maturity securities should be classified as cash flows from investing activities and reported gross for each security classification in the statement of cash flows. Cash flows from purchases, sales, and maturities of trading securities should be classified as cash flows from operating activities. Clinic III-16

Example: Marketable Equity Securities – Journal Entries Alexis Co. purchased 100 common shares of Ball Co. on February 1, 2004, for $500,000. The market value of the shares on December 31, 2004, was $560,000. Alexis Co. sold these shares on June 30, 2005, for $600,000. Give the journal entries to record this transaction assuming: the shares are classified as trading securities the shares are classified as available for sale securities Clinic III-17

If the shares were classified as trading securities February 1, 2004 Marketable Securities 500,000 Cash 500,000 December 31, 2004 Marketable Securities 60,000 Unrealized Holding Gain 60,000 on Trading Securities The unrealized gain is reported in the income statement Clinic III-18

June 30, 2005 Cash 600,000 Marketable Securities 560,000 Realized Gain on Sale 40,000 of Trading Securities The realized gain is reported in the income statement Clinic III-19

If the shares were classified as available for sale securities February 1, 2004 Marketable Securities 500,000 Cash 500,000 December 31, 2004 Marketable Securities 60,000 Unrealized Holding Gain 60,000 on Available for sale Securities The unrealized holding gain is reported in “other comprehensive income” Clinic III-20

June 30, 2005 Cash 600,000 Marketable Securities 500,000 Realized Gain on Sale100,000 of Trading Securities The realized gain is reported in the income statement Clinic III-21

At December 31, 2005 the security adjustment account had a debit balance of $60,000 ($560,000- $500,000). The adjustment entry is as follows: Unrealized Holding Gain 60,000 on Available for sale Securities Marketable Securities 60,000 To remove the unrealized gain from shareholder’s equity. Clinic III-22

Example: Different Accounting Treatments for Marketable Equity Securities Wonder Corporation has the following portfolio of marketable equity securities: Cost in Dividends received Market Value on Dec. 31, Dividends received Market Value on Dec. 31, Selling Price on June 30, Security A$16,000$1,000$19,000$1,200$17,500- B 20,000 1,600 25, $28,500 C 15, , ,500 $51,000$3,400$56,000$2,400$17,500$39,000 Clinic III-23

A.Assume that these securities represent trading securities.  How much income would be recognized during 2003 and 2004?  How would these securities be presented on the balance sheet on December 31, 2003 and 2004? B.Assume that these securities represent available for sale securities by Wonder Corporation. How would your answer to part A change? Clinic III-24

Solution Income Statement: Dividend Revenue (the total in the dividend column) Unrealized Holding Gain (Loss): 2003: ($56,000 - $51,000) 2004: ($17,500 - $19,000) Realized Holding Gain $39,000 - ($12,000 + $25,000) $3,400 5, $8,400 $2,400 (1,500) 2,000 $2,900 Balance Sheet: Current Assets: Marketable Securities$56,000$17,500 A. Trading Securities Clinic III-25

Income Statement: Dividend Revenue Realized Holding Gain: [$39,000 – ($15,000 + $20,000)] $3, $3,400 $2,400 4,000 $6,400 B. Securities Available for Sale Clinic III-26

Balance Sheet: Current Assets: Marketable Securities$56,000$17,500 Shareholder’s Equity: Net Unrealized Holding Gain (Loss) on Securities Available for Sale: ($56,000 - $51,000) ($17,500 - $16,000) 5, (1,500) B. Securities Available for Sale Clinic III-27

Disclosures About Securities FASB Statement No. 115 requires the following disclosures each period: The aggregate market value, gross unrealized holding gains, gross unrealized holding losses, and amortized cost for debt securities held to maturity and debt and equity securities available for sale The proceeds from sales of securities available for sale and the gross realized gains and gross realized losses on those sales Clinic III-28

Disclosures About Securities The change during the period in the net unrealized holding gain or loss on securities available for sale included in a separate shareholders’ equity account The change during the period in the net unrealized holding gain or loss on trading securities included in earnings Clinic III-29

Controversy Surrounding the Accounting for Marketable Securities The accounting for marketable securities has been controversial. The accounting issues are as follows: Whether to report the investments at historical cost or at market value on the balance sheet date If reported at market value, when to record the gain/loss from the change in market value in the income statement Each period? Only when the firm disposes of the investments? Clinic III-30

Keep in mind… We have seen that there are two measurement basis for recording securities: Amortized cost Market value Which method gives us the a better estimate of the value of the securities? Clinic III-31

Amortized cost is based on the historical cost measurement rule and avoids manipulation in the financial statements. But historical cost does not capture any change in value since acquisition. Market prices give the change in value since acquisition. But (fair) market values can be biased if market values are estimated. Actual market prices can be bubble prices which are not “fair” value. Clinic III-32

Fair Value Fair Value is exit value, that is, what a firm could sell the item for (or pay someone else to relieve them of a liability). Fair value is measured in three ways: Level 1. If there is an active, liquid market for the item: at market price Level 2. If there is no available market price: at the price of a comparable if that is available Level 3. If there is no comparable price, then the fair value must be estimated using a valuation model Clinic III-33