1 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 1 Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Computer-System Structures Er.Harsimran Singh
Advertisements

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne  Operating System Concepts Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage.
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures
1/23/2004CSCI 315 Operating Systems Design1 Computer System Structures Notice: The slides for this lecture have been largely based on those accompanying.
OS2-1 Chapter 2 Computer System Structures. OS2-2 Outlines Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage Structure Storage Hierarchy Hardware Protection.
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne  Operating System Concepts Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage.
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne  Operating System Concepts Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage.
ICS Principles of Operating Systems
Abhinav Kamra Computer Science, Columbia University 2.1 Operating System Concepts Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne  2002 Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures.
Modified from Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 CS 446/646 Principles of Operating Systems Lecture 1 Chapter 1: Introduction.
Computer System Structures memory memory controller disk controller disk controller printer controller printer controller tape-drive controller tape-drive.
Computer-System Structures
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne  Operating System Concepts Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures 1/31/03 Computer System Operation I/O Structure.
1.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005 Operating System Concepts School of Computing Science Simon Fraser University CMPT 300: Operating Systems I Instructor:
A. Frank - P. Weisberg Operating Systems Functional View of Operating System.
1/21/2010CSCI 315 Operating Systems Design1 Computer System Structures Notice: The slides for this lecture have been largely based on those accompanying.
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures
General System Architecture and I/O.  I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently.  Each device controller is in charge of a particular device.
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition, Chapter 1: Introduction.
Operating System Concepts Ku-Yaw Chang Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Da-Yeh University.
Objectives To provide a grand tour of the major operating systems components To provide coverage of basic computer system organization.
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition Chapter 1: Introduction.
Operating Systems Lecture 3 Computer Systems Review
Chapter 1. Introduction What is an Operating System? Mainframe Systems
2.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2003 Operating System Concepts with Java Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures Computer System Operation I/O Structure.
CHAPTER 2: COMPUTER-SYSTEM STRUCTURES Computer system operation Computer system operation I/O structure I/O structure Storage structure Storage structure.
Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne  Applied Operating System Concepts Module 2: Computer-System Structures Computer System Operation I/O Structure.
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne  Operating System Concepts Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage.
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures
Thanks to Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne  Operating System Concepts Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures n Computer System Operation n I/O Structure.
1 CSE Department MAITSandeep Tayal Computer-System Structures Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage Structure Storage Hierarchy Hardware Protection.
2: Computer-System Structures
Recall: Three I/O Methods Synchronous: Wait for I/O operation to complete. Asynchronous: Post I/O request and switch to other work. DMA (Direct Memory.
Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005 Operating System Concepts Chapter 1: Introduction What Operating Systems Do (previous.
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures 2.1 Computer System Operation 2.5 Hardware Protection 2.6 Network Structure.
1 Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures  Computer System Operation  I/O Structure  Storage Structure  Storage Hierarchy  Hardware Protection  General.
Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005 Operating System Concepts Chapter 1: Introduction What Operating Systems Do Computer-System.
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage Structure Storage Hierarchy Hardware Protection Network Structure.
2.1 Operating System Concepts Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures Computer System Operation Storage Structure Storage Hierarchy Hardware Protection General.
Operating Systems Lecture November 2015© Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 2 Agenda for Today Review of previous lecture Hardware (I/O, memory,
Operating System Structure A key concept of operating systems is multiprogramming. –Goal of multiprogramming is to efficiently utilize all of the computing.
We will focus on operating system concepts What does it do? How is it implemented? Apply to Windows, Linux, Unix, Solaris, Mac OS X. Will discuss differences.
CE Operating Systems Lecture 2 Low level hardware support for operating systems.
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne  2002 Modified for CSCI 399, Royden, Operating System Concepts Operating Systems Lecture 4 Computer Systems Review.
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne  Applied Operating System Concepts Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures Computer System Architecture and Operation.
CE Operating Systems Lecture 2 Low level hardware support for operating systems.
BIT213,CISY Operating Systems 1
1 Lecture 1: Computer System Structures We go over the aspects of computer architecture relevant to OS design  overview  input and output (I/O) organization.
Review of Computer System Organization. Computer Startup For a computer to start running when it is first powered up, it needs to execute an initial program.
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne  Operating System Concepts Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage.
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures(Hardware) or Architecture or Organization Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage Structure Storage Hierarchy.
Chapter 2. Computer-System Structure Device controllers: synchronize and manage access to devices.
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9 th Edit9on Lecture 3 Chapter 1: Introduction Provided & Updated by Sameer Akram.
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009 Operating System Concepts – 8 th Edition, Chapter 1: Introduction.
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne  Operating System Concepts Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage.
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures(Hardware)
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne  Operating System Concepts Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage.
Computer-System Architecture
Module 2: Computer-System Structures
Lecturer Bilal Alqudah, PhD
Operating Systems Lecture 3.
Module 2: Computer-System Structures
CS 143A Principles of Operating Systems
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures
Module 2: Computer-System Structures
Contact Information Office: 225 Neville Hall Office Hours: Monday and Wednesday 12:00-1:00 and by appointment. Phone:
Module 2: Computer-System Structures
Presentation transcript:

1 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 1 Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures

2 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 2 Objectives To explain the Computer System Operation. To describe how to the I/O Structure. To explain how to storage structure. To explain how to Storage Hierarchy. To discuss the Hardware Protection. To explain the General System Architecture.

3 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 3 Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage Structure Storage Hierarchy Hardware Protection General System Architecture Topic covered

4 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 4 Computer-System Architecture

5 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 5 Computer-System Operation I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently. Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type. Each device controller has a local buffer. CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller. Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by causing an interrupt.

6 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 6 Common Functions of Interrupts Interrupts transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the service routines. Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted instruction. Incoming interrupts are disabled while another interrupt is being processed to prevent a lost interrupt. A trap is a software-generated interrupt caused either by an error or a user request. An operating system is interrupt driven.

7 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 7 Interrupt Handling The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by storing registers and the program counter. Determines which type of interrupt has occurred: –polling –vectored interrupt system Separate segments of code determine what action should be taken for each type of interrupt

8 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 8 Interrupt Time Line For a Single Process Doing Output

9 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 9 I/O Structure After I/O starts, control returns to user program only upon I/O completion. –wait instruction idles the CPU until the next interrupt –wait loop (contention for memory access). –At most one I/O request is outstanding at a time, no simultaneous I/O processing. After I/O starts, control returns to user program without waiting for I/O completion. –System call – request to the operating system to allow user to wait for I/O completion. –Device-status table contains entry for each I/O device indicating its type, address, and state. –Operating system indexes into I/O device table to determine device status and to modify table entry to include interrupt.

10 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 10 Two I/O methods Synchronous Asynchronous

11 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 11 Device-Status Table

12 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 12 Direct Memory Access (DMA) Structure Used for high-speed I/O devices able to transmit information at close to memory speeds. Device controller transfers blocks of data from buffer storage directly to main memory without CPU intervention. Only one interrupt is generated per block, rather than the one interrupt per byte.

13 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 13 Storage Structure Main memory – only large storage media that the CPU can access directly. Secondary storage – extension of main memory that provides large nonvolatile storage capacity. Magnetic disks – rigid metal or glass platters covered with magnetic recording material –Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are subdivided into sectors. –The disk controller determines the logical interaction between the device and the computer.

14 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 14 Moving-Head Disk Mechanism

15 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 15 Storage Hierarchy Storage systems organized in hierarchy. –Speed –cost –volatility Caching – copying information into faster storage system; main memory can be viewed as a last cache for secondary storage.

16 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 16 Storage-Device Hierarchy

17 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 17 Hardware Protection Dual-Mode Operation I/O Protection Memory Protection CPU Protection

18 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 18 Dual-Mode Operation Sharing system resources requires operating system to ensure that an incorrect program cannot cause other programs to execute incorrectly. Provide hardware support to differentiate between at least two modes of operations. 1.User mode – execution done on behalf of a user. 2.Monitor mode (also supervisor mode or system mode) – execution done on behalf of operating system.

19 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 19 Dual-Mode Operation (Cont.) Mode bit added to computer hardware to indicate the current mode: monitor (0) or user (1). When an interrupt or fault occurs hardware switches to monitor mode. Privileged instructions can be issued only in monitor mode. monitor user Interrupt/fault set user mode

20 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 20 Memory Protection Must provide memory protection at least for the interrupt vector and the interrupt service routines. In order to have memory protection, add two registers that determine the range of legal addresses a program may access: –base register – holds the smallest legal physical memory address. –Limit register – contains the size of the range Memory outside the defined range is protected.

21 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 21 A Base And A limit Register Define A Logical Address Space

22 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 22 Protection Hardware When executing in monitor mode, the operating system has unrestricted access to both monitor and user’s memory. The load instructions for the base and limit registers are privileged instructions.

23 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 23 CPU Protection Timer – interrupts computer after specified period to ensure operating system maintains control. –Timer is decremented every clock tick. –When timer reaches the value 0, an interrupt occurs. Timer commonly used to implement time sharing. Time also used to compute the current time. Load-timer is a privileged instruction.

24 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 24 General-System Architecture Given the I/O instructions are privileged, how does the user program perform I/O? System call – the method used by a process to request action by the operating system. –Usually takes the form of a trap to a specific location in the interrupt vector. –Control passes through the interrupt vector to a service routine in the OS, and the mode bit is set to monitor mode. –The monitor verifies that the parameters are correct and legal, executes the request, and returns control to the instruction following the system call.

25 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 25 Use of A System Call to Perform I/O

26 CS.217 Operating System By Ajarn..Sutapart Sappajak,METC,MSIT Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures Slide 26 I/O Protection All I/O instructions are privileged instructions. Must ensure that a user program could never gain control of the computer in monitor mode (I.e., a user program that, as part of its execution, stores a new address in the interrupt vector).