Tragedy of the Commons Garrett Hardin. Garrett Hardin – Economist Authored essay in 1968 titled “The Tragedy of the Commons”. Based on Focused on: 1.

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Presentation transcript:

Tragedy of the Commons Garrett Hardin

Garrett Hardin – Economist Authored essay in 1968 titled “The Tragedy of the Commons”. Based on Focused on: 1. environmental degradation 2. population growth 3. limited natural resources 4. privatization of land Based on a pamphlet on population growth written in 1833 by a mathematical amateur named William Forster Lloyd.

What does “commons” mean? “Held in common” means the resource is owned by: No one…or … Everyone … all who have equal access to the resource

What are common resources? 1. Air! No one owns the air 2. Water in oceans & rivers. 3. Public land 4. Fish of the sea, lakes and rivers. 5. Wildlife First codified (written into code) by Romans in 535 AD.

Common Resources

Imagine… Hardin’s parable involves a pasture "open to all.” He asks us to imagine the grazing of animals on a common ground. Individuals are motivated to add to their flocks to increase personal wealth.

Tragedy of the Commons Every animal added to the total degrades the commons a small amount. Although the degradation for each additional animal is small, the gain in wealth for the owner is greater.

Tragedy of the Commons As selfish stewards, each owner adds another to their flock and the pasture. If all owners follow this pattern the commons will ultimately be destroyed.

Tragedy of the Commons As a result, the commons were overgrazed and degenerated to the point that they were no longer able to support the villagers' cattle. This failure of owner of these public lands to preserve the natural resources is known as "the tragedy of the commons."

Modern Examples Traffic jams Rivers and lakes that no longer allow swimming or boating Oceans and rivers that are over-fished Greenhouse gases

What is the “tragedy”? “We can avoid tragedy only by altering our values.” Hardin, 1968 This means we can change the way we live (sustainably) by preserving our natural resources—even in the private sector.

Regulations of Common Resources It has been reported that Hardin later wished he had titled his essay … Tragedy of the Unregulated Commons

Regulations of Common Resources Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring Vietnam War – defoliants - Agent Orange NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act) - signed into law on News Year Day, 1970 by President Nixon First Earth Day - April 22, 1970

Environmental Protection Agency Establish and enforce environmental protection standards. Conduct environmental research. Provide assistance to others combatting environmental pollution. Assist the CEQ (Council of Environmental Equality) in developing and recommending to the President new policies for environmental protection.

Sustainability… Meeting present needs of today’s populations without compromising the needs of future generations.

Standards of Sustainability= “SEE” Society Economy Environment an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization Production Consumption Distribution Combination of all things & factors external to individuals or populations

Questions? 1. How does Tragedy of the Commons ideas connect with the concept of sustainability? Explain.