Regents Biology Carbohydrates. Regents Biology Carbohydrates Which foods contain carbohydrates?

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Presentation transcript:

Regents Biology Carbohydrates

Regents Biology Carbohydrates Which foods contain carbohydrates?

Regents Biology Carbohydrates OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Energy Source Why are carbohydrates important?

Regents Biology Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. Glucose

Regents Biology Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 C 1 H 2 O 1

Regents Biology Carbohydrates  Function:  Quick energy  Energy storage  Structure and Support

Regents Biology Carbohydrates  Function:  Quick energy --- glucose Simple carbohydrates (glucose) are the primary source of chemical energy for cells.

Regents Biology Carbohydrates starch Complex carbohydrates store energy starch & glycogen  Function: energy storage --- glycogen

Regents Biology Carbohydrates  Function: Complex carbohydrates provide structure and support --- cellulose & chitin

Regents Biology Carbohydrates can exist as: monosaccharides --- composed of one monomer---one sugar disaccharides --- composed of two monomers (two monosaccharides)--- two sugars polysaccharides --- composed many monomers (many monosaccharides)---many sugars

Regents Biology SIMPLE SUGARS – name ends in ose Monosaccharides & Disaccharides

Regents Biology Monosaccharides …one sugar Many simple sugars: contain 5 or 6 carbon atoms arranged in a ring in a ratio of C 1 H 2 O 1. Galactose C 6 H 12 O 6 Ribose C 5 H 10 O 5 Fructose C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6

Regents Biology The most common monosaccharides are: …..simple sugar…..one sugar  Glucose - main source of energy for cells.  Fructose - the sugar in fruits  Galactose – sugar found in milk  Ribose- sugar in DNA and RNA

Regents Biology Glucose - C 6 H 12 O 6 Fructose - C 6 H 12 O 6

Regents Biology Disaccharides: composed of two monosaccharides --- two sugars Sucrose (table sugar) – composed of glucose and fructose. Lactose (sugar in milk) – composed of glucose and galactose.

Regents Biology Sucrose (table sugar) Lactose (sugar in milk) glucose fructose glucose galactose

Regents Biology Polysaccharides --- complex carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharides …many sugars sugar polysaccharide

Regents Biology Polysaccharides --- sugar Function: (1) Energy Reserves (2) Structure and Support

Regents Biology Polysaccharides - Energy Reserves (1) Starch --- energy storage in plant cells composed of long chains of glucose (2) Glycogen --- energy storage in the liver and muscles of animals composed of long chains of glucose

Regents Biology Polysaccharides --- Structure & Support (1)Cellulose --- the cell wall of plants straight long chains of glucose molecules. (2) Chitin ---- the cell wall of fungi; the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans.