BIOCHEMISTRY Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates  Primary source of energy  Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen  1:2:1 Ratio of C:H:O

Carbohydrates  The building blocks (monomers) of carbs are called monosaccharides  Monosaccharides are the most simple sugars.  The include  Glucose “blood sugar”  Galactose “milk sugar”  Fructose “fruit sugar”

Carbohydrates  Joining two monosaccharides forms a disaccharide  Example:  Sucrose “table sugar”

Carbohydrates Another disaccharide is lactose  Some people are lactose intolerant - lack the enzyme to break lactose into glucose and galactose

Carbohydrates  Long chains of monosaccharides are called polysaccharides  Example: Starch- many glucoses!!  Function: Energy Storage

Carbohydrates  More polysaccharides  Example: Cellulose - glucose that we cannot digest Function: Strength & Rigidity

Carbohydrates More Polysacharides: Cellulose- Also called “fiber” You can’t digest it Ends up as feces Cleans the colon

Carbohydrates  More Polysaccharides: Glycogen “animal starch”- highly branched glucose  Function: Energy storage

Carbohydrates More Polysaccharides  Example: Chitin  Function: forms exoskeletons and fungi cell walls

Lipids  Examples: Fats, Steroids, and Phospholipids  Non-polar  Insoluble in water  Functions  Long term energy storage  Insulation & cushion  Cell membranes  Hormones

Lipids room temp  No double least one double bon room temp BAD fats! “GOOD” fats

Lipids  Triglycerides AKA “body fat”  Made of 3 fatty acid chains + glycerol molecule Function: Energy storage, insulation

Lipids  Ringed carbon structures  Often hormones  Included as lipids b/c they are insoluble in water Steroids

Lipids Steroid Examples: Chlorophyll  Light absorbing pigment  Ringed structure  Lipid b/c of insolubility

Lipids  Phospholipids  Main component of cell membranes (Phospholipid bilayer) Hydrophilic heads hydrophobic lipid tails

Proteins  Monomer (building block) is the amino acid  20 different amino acids Peptide bonds- Hold amino acids together Polypeptide- Long chain of amino acids

Proteins Example:  Hemoglobin: iron containing protein - transports oxygen through the blood

Proteins  Example: Collagen  Structural Protein found in skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones

Protein Example: Contractile proteins  Make up muscles  Allow for movement

Proteins  Example: Enzymes-  Speed up rate of chemical reactions  Lower activation energy

Proteins Enzymes:  end in “ase”  Enzymes are never used up, just recycled!  Denatured enzymes – have lost their shape  This happens due to: Temperature Too much salt pH

Proteins ENZYME EXAMPLE:  At what temperature does the enzyme represented in this graph work best?  What is the independent variable?  What is the dependent variable?

Nucleic Acids  DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (double strand)  RNA Ribonucleic acid (single strand) Hereditary molecules

Nucleic Acid  Monomers (building blocks) of Nucleic acids are called: Nucleotides They’re made of:  Sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose)  Phosphate group  nitrogen base

Nucleic Acid ATP  aka Adenosine Triphosphate  Special nucleotide for energy storage and release