Part 2: Motor Control Chapter 5 Motor Control Theories.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
OCR AS Physical Education
Advertisements

A Level Sport and Physical Education
Musical Performance Musical performance in broad sense Children’s play songs, hymn or folk singing, dancing to music All merit investigation in own right.
The Reflex Arc Reflexes are an automatic and rapid response to a particular stimulation If the command centre for the reflex is located in the brain.
RECAP! SKILL and NATURAL ABILITIES –Speed reaction time –Agility –Co-ordination –Flexibility & Balance Differences in novice and skilled performers:- consistency,
Decision Making.
10/10/02 Zurich-02 How does the lamprey swim? All you ever wanted to know about the CPG for lamprey locomotion The role of coupling, mechanics and sensory.
From Perception to Action And what’s in between?.
How does the mind process all the information it receives?
Chapter 2 Neuroscience & Behavior Modified from: James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)
Using Neural Networks to Improve the Performance of an Autonomous Vehicle By Jon Cory and Matt Edwards.
An Introduction to the Nervous System The Nervous System – Includes all neural tissue in the body – Neural tissue contains two kinds of cells 1.Neurons.
Trends in Motor Control
Motor Control Theories
Motor control. Importance of motor control All of the “cognition” that we’re interested in must end in behavior— movement. Brain terrain –Where is it/where.
How do we choose a skill to perform? What decisions do we need to make about performing a skill? Need to decide when to perform the skill Need to decide.
Chapter 7: The Nervous System Introduction - Page 222.
CS206Evolutionary Robotics “Cogito ergo sum.”. CS206Evolutionary Robotics “Cogito ergo sum.” “I think, therefore I am.” “Do I exist?” “There is something.
Skills and Techniques- Badminton KC 1- The concept of skill and skilled performance Information Processing Model.
Processing of Information and Performance of Experts.
Higher & Intermediate 2 PE Information Processing System.
Speech Science IX How is articulation organized? Version WS
 Monitors internal and external environment  Integrates sensory information  Coordinates all systems.
Information Processing in Motor Learning
University of Windsor School of Computer Science Topics in Artificial Intelligence Fall 2008 Sept 11, 2008.
Co-ordination Exercises. Definition: Coordination refers to using the right muscles at the right time with correct intensity. Coordination or fine motor.
Nerve Cells So the brain is boss, but it can't do it alone. It needs some nerves — actually a lot of them. And it needs the spinal cord, which is a long.
Higher & Intermediate 2 PE Information Processing System.
Information processing
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sensory neurons Deliver information to CNS Motor neurons Distribute commands.
Cognition – 2/e Dr. Daniel B. Willingham
Motor Control Theories.  1. The patterning of body and limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events.
Creating and thinking critically
Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue Chapter 11
Control of Muscular Contraction
Unit 2 Notes: Nervous System Basics Tuesday
What is design?. A definition?  Design is everywhere. Its what drew you to the last sneakers you bought and it's what made texting possible.
Good Morning! Today We Will be Discussing Fantastic Information!
Sport Books Publisher1 Information Processing in Motor Learning Chapter 10.
Why Can't A Computer Be More Like A Brain?. Outline Introduction Turning Test HTM ◦ A. Theory ◦ B. Applications & Limits Conclusion.
Space Vehicle Control Systems
Robotics Sharif In the name of Allah Robotics Sharif Introduction to Robotics o Leila Sharif o o Lecture #4: The.
Centre of Gravity & Proprioception
Do Now— TRUE OR FALSE A person can be blind without having a damaged eye. Behaviors can be made automatic. Our senses (hearing, olfaction, taste,
The Nervous System. Functions of the Nervous System 1. Monitors internal and external environment 2. Take in and analyzes information 3. Coordinates voluntary.
Chapter 4 Motor Control Theories Concept: Theories about how we control coordinated movement differ in terms of the roles of central and environmental.
What is design?. Aa definition? Design is everywhere. Its what drew you to the last sneakers you bought and it's what made texting possible.
The Process of Forming Perceptions SHMD219. Perception The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses. Perception is a series.
Information Processing in Motor Learning
Chapter 5 Motor Programs 5 Motor Programs C H A P T E R.
Movement Production and Motor Programs
The Nervous System Bridget Baggerly and Mac Griffith.
Questions of the Day “ WHAT MAKES YOU WHO YOU ARE ? ” Why are you different from Everyone Else” What makes you so similar?
Turvey Fitch & Tuller (1982)
T306 managing complexity: a systems approach TUTORIAL 7 BLOCK 1 – PART 4.
Information Processing How do we choose a skill to perform? What decisions do we need to make about performing a skill? Need to decide when to perform.
Summary of points for WS04 – from Weiss & Jeannerod (1998)
Learning objectives understand the basics of information processing theory understand the basics of ecological psychology (action systems and dynamical.
DAY 2 – 50 minutes HOW DOES A ROBOT MOVE?
Section title This presentation is designed to help you talk to young people about Drive. The notes included aren’t intended to be read out, they are for.
The Nervous System- Nervous Tissue
Information Processing
Sensation and Perception Unit 7
UNIT 3 THE CONSCIOUS SELF
Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
The Nervous System.
Information Processing in Motor Learning
Higher National 6 Badminton
The Reflex Arc Reflexes are an automatic and rapid response to a particular stimulation If the command centre for the reflex is located in the brain.
Intro to Robotics It’s YOUR FUTURE.
Presentation transcript:

Part 2: Motor Control Chapter 5 Motor Control Theories

Do we decide how we move? Are you in control of your body? –Sure… But to what extent? –To what degree are the movements you make strictly down to your choice? –To what degree is choice an illusion?

What do we need to understand? 1.How are intentions translated into action? 2.What information guides movement? 3.How does intention shape movement? 4.How does learning one movement help in learning another? 5.What is best practice in training/coaching movement skills?

What sort of problem are we facing? The problem of ‘control’ is one of choices and variety –792 muscles, 100 joints. –That’s a lot of decisions to make (“degrees of freedom problem”) –We never make the same movement twice, but something is similar across repetitions of behavior –We can learn

What sort of problem are we facing? “degrees of freedom problem” –Problem for who? –Car example – how many steering wheels on a normal car? –Constraints/affordances – how are the wheels made “free to vary? Axles joined together. Wheels of rear axle locked pointed in same direction Front wheels can be turned using steering wheel

What sort of problem are we facing? “degrees of freedom problem” –Problem for who? –Car example – how many steering wheels on a normal car? What if you freed the rear axle too, so that you’d have another steering wheel? How would it affect complexity? Capability of the system? –How about if you freed all 4 wheels (so you had 4 steering wheels?

What sort of problem are we facing? The problem of ‘control’ is one of choices and variety –Redundancy (motor equivalence – a good thing) In the car example, freeing the back wheels means you can steer in two different ways. –Consciousness vs. control When you write a word, what are you attending to? When you perform best at your chosen sport (or any other physical activity), what sort of stuff are you thinking about?

Making a start: A basic model 2 streams of information: –One out – efference, output (e.g muscle contractions) –One in – afference, feedback (e.g. sight, sound, proprioception) But they’re both going on completely continuously, so breaking them down and focusing on one may be a mistake One theory (motor program theory) focuses on the “out” stream The other (dynamic pattern theory, which we’ll focus on) takes a more interactive approach, looking for properties within us and around us that may determine how movements (the patterns referred to) form

Making a start: A basic model Defn: feedback = sensory information The simplest control model: Input This model uses OPEN-LOOP control Def: Open-loop control = outgoing messages only. No ‘feedback’ Processing Output

Making a start: A basic model Effectors This model uses Closed-Loop control Def: Closed-loop control = use of feedback to guide behavior Processing Output Feedback (= input)

Making a start: A basic model Moving closer to reality –How many senses do you have? Each of these are sensory inputs (feedback) –How many muscles/fibres/motor neurons do you have? Each of these are motor outputs (grouped, form effectors – muscles or even limbs) –William James (1891) & others – careful observation...

Making a start: A basic model The reality... –There are many studies that suggest the interaction between these two sources of information is in reality far more complex than simply one “upstream” (feedback) and one “downstream” (motor commands) –The signals seem to interact at every available level of the system, resulting in a complexity of signal processing that is very daunting –So what’s the message behind this?

Making a start: the next step No final answer...(robotics, artificial intelligence, neuroscience etc...) So we need a theory that is one step removed from the final answer –Dynamic pattern theory works at every level of the system (neural, behavioral) –It does a decent job of helping us to understand where movements “come from”