Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chapter 21

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I.The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks Ottomans emerge dominant over Byzantines Rename: Istanbul Expansion – all former Eastern Roman Empire Positive Correlation: Religious Persecution & Expansion A. A State Geared to Warfare Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility Janissary infantry Conscripted youth from conquered peoples

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 B. The Sultans and their Court Vizier - Head of large bureaucracy Succession - No clear rules C. Constantinople Restored and the Flowering of Ottoman Culture Responsible: Suleiman I Commercial center Government control of trade, crafts Artisan guilds Turkish Language prevails Suleymaniye mosque, 16th century

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 D. The Problem of Ottoman Decline Strong until late 1600s Infrastructure insufficient Dependent on conquest - End of conquest brings deficiencies Regional leaders divert revenue E. Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat Fail at the Siege of Vienna Lepanto, 1571 Defeated by Spain, Venice - Turks lose control of eastern Mediterranean Portuguese outflank Middle East trade Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean Victories over Muslim navies Inflation Caused by New World bullion Comes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The Safavid Empire The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids Starts with Safavid family Sail al-Din Leads revival - wants to purify and reform Islam Ismâ'il takes Tabriz Named shah - title Chaldiran, 1514 Safavids defeated by Ottomans Gunpowder makes the Difference

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Abbas I ( ) Height of Safavid Empire Persians as bureaucrats – Balance out warrior leaders State and Religion Adopt Persian language and court traditions after Chaldiran Abandoned egalitarian camaraderie Shi'ism modified Spreads to entire empire Elite Affluence and Artistic Splendor Abbas I supports international trade & Islamic culture Building projects Roads and Rest Houses Mosques in Isfahan

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 D. Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons Commonalities Warrior aristocracies Move to rural estates after conquest Threat to central power Imperial workshops Artisans patronized International trade encouraged Women lose freedom Subordinate to fathers, husbands E. The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire Abbas I Removes heirs Weak grandson inherits Decline begins Internal conflict, outside threats 1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Babur – Mongol & Turkic Descent Driven from Afghanistan Invades India, 1526 – Not as religiously motivated Fails at trying regain homeland Succeeded by Humayn Flees to Persia Restores Mughal Empire in1556 Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire 13-year-old son of Humayn Battles with everyone & wins Reconciliation with Hindus (No more Jizya) New religion, Din-i-Ilahi Blend of Islam and Hinduism Toleration The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 B. Social Reform and Social Change Continuity: Muslim rulers and public works Women Widows encouraged to remarry and child marriages discouraged Sati prohibited Seclusion undermined by women's market days C. Mughal Splendor and Early European Contacts Death of Akbar Reforms don't survive Empire strong Cotton textiles to Europe Especially among laboring and middle classes D. Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era Successors: Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century Continue toleration Less energetic Support arts Taj Mahal

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 E. Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women Nur Jahan Wife of Jahangir Head of powerful faction Mumtaz Mahal Wife of Shah Jahan – Buried in Taj Mahal Also powerful, he husband was more competent Ordinary women Position declines Age limit lowered for child marriage Sati spreads among upper classes Birth of girl was undesirable - dowry

Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 F. The Beginnings of Imperial Decline Aurangzeb Takes over a mess Programs Rule all India Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint 1707, controls most of India Expensive, distracting Other developments disregarded Revolt Autonomy of local leaders Hindus exluded from high office Non-Muslims taxed Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule