Geographic Landforms Pg. 26

Fjord ► A fjord (or fiord) is a narrow inlet of the sea between cliffs or steep slopes, which results from marine inundation of a glaciated valley. Typical characteristics of a fjord include: a narrow inlet, a bottom that is glacially eroded significantly below sea level, steep-sided walls which continue to descend below the water level ( Sognefjord in Norway

Horn ► A pyramidal peak, or sometimes in its most extreme form called a glacial horn, is a mountaintop that has been modified by the action of ice during glaciation and frost weathering. ( The Matterhorn in the European Alps

Talus ► Talus, scree or detritic cone is a term given to broken rock that appears at the bottom of crags, mountain cliffs or valley shoulders ► Talus Slope, Colorado, USA.

Oxbow Lake ► An oxbow lake is a type of lake which is formed when a wide meander from a stream or a river is cut off to form a lake. They are called oxbow lakes due to the distinctive curved shape that results from this process. In Australia, an oxbow lake is called a billabong. ( ► Oxbow Lake in Montana

Hoodoo ► Hoodoos are tall thin spires of rock that protrude from the bottom of arid basins and badlands. They are composed of soft sedimentary rock, and are topped by a piece of harder, less easily-eroded stone that protects the column from the elements Drumheller, Alberta

Slope ► Slope landforms simply refer to forms created or modified on a slope where there is considerable relief. An example is an escarpment like the Niagara Escarpment. Rattlesnake Point in Milton, Ontario

Pingo ► A pingo is a mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic, subarctic, and Antarctica that can reach up to 70 metres in height and up to 2 kilometres in diameter. Alaska/Yukon border

Drumlin ► A drumlin (Irish droimnín, a little hill ridge) is an elongated whale- shaped hill formed by glacial action. Its long axis is parallel with the movement of the ice, with the blunter end facing into the glacial movement. Georges Island Halifax, NS

Stack ► A stack is a geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast. Stacks are formed when part of a headland is eroded, leaving a small island Flowerpot Island Lake Huron

Waterfall ► A waterfall is usually a geological formation resulting from water, often in the form of a stream, flowing over an erosion-resistant rock formation that forms a sudden break in elevation geological formationstreamerosiongeological formationstreamerosion American Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, Niagara Falls, USA

Sand Spit ► A spit is a deposition landform found off coasts. A spit is a type of bar or beach that develops where a re-entrant occurs, such as at a cove, bay, ria, or river mouth. Spits are formed by the movement of sediment (typically sand) along a shore by a process known as longshore drift. depositionlandformcoastsbar beachbayriasandlongshore drift beachbayriasandlongshore drift Southport Spit, Australia

Monteregian Hill ► The Monteregian mountain chain is a chain of mountains in Montreal and the Montérégie, between the Laurentians and the Appalachians. Montreal MontérégieLaurentiansAppalachiansMontreal MontérégieLaurentiansAppalachians Each mountain in the chain consists of igneous rock and associated hornfels, which are more resistant to weathering than the surrounding sedimentary rock igneousrockhornfelsweatheringsedimentaryigneousrockhornfelsweatheringsedimentary Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec

Erratic ► A boulder that has been transported some distance from its source by a glacier. If an erratic is made of different rock than the rock on which it lies, tracing it back to its source yields information on the direction of glacier movement. Point Lake, NWT