Arguments, translation, representation -Sign In! -Quiz -Review Quiz -Unstated premises and translation -Things that look like arguments but aren't -Representing Argument Structures -For Monday: Comprehensive Chapter 2 assignment: (2-1) 1, 2, 4; (2-3) 1, 2, 8; (2-4) 3, 6, 8; (2-11) 2, 7, 8; (2-13)1, 3, 4

Quiz! Identify the premise in the sentence below: The Athenians executed Socrates because they believed he was corrupting the youth

Quiz! Identify the conclusion in the argument below: The cost of attending college has risen by 45% in the last 5 years. The cost of something is a good indicator of its quality. This implies that a college education must be better today than it was 5 years ago.

Quiz! Re-write the argument below in standard argument form (numbered premises and conclusion) and say whether the argument is valid or invalid: If someone is framed in a negative way then people are more likely to think they have bad character. Recent political advertisements have been framing our candidate very negatively. This implies that people will be more likely to think our candidate has bad character.

Quiz! Is the following a deductive argument or an inductive argument. If it is deductive, is it valid or sound? If inductive is it strong or weak? 1. All German shepherds are dogs 2. All dogs are mammals 3. All German shepherds are mammals

Quiz! In one or two sentences describe the difference between an inductive argument and a deductive argument

Missing Premises and Conclusions When we fill in premises we must decide how the argument was intended Ex: 1. The wind is coming from the south 2. :. It will rain Do you think the speaker intends this as an inductive or deductive argument? What's the difference?

Missing Premises and Conclusions 1. The wind is coming from the south * [missing premise] 3. :. It will rain Inductive: *It often rains when the wind is coming from the south Deductive: *If the wind is coming from the south then it will rain

Missing Premises and Conclusions -Turning an argument into a deductive argument requires that we add a universal premise -Universal premises tell us that something (crucial to the conclusion) holds without exception -Every deductive argument has at least one universal premise -All dogs are mammals -If you are human then you are mortal

Question Is the following an example of an argument? -If you corrupt the youth in Athens then you will be forced to drink Hemlock What do you think? Does this satisfy the definition of 'argument' that we have been using in this course?

If...then -Remember that arguments are sets of claims which, if true, help to make another claim (the conclusion) more likely to be true -An “If...then” sentence states a proposition, it is a claim. But is not an argument. -“If you corrupt the youth in Athens” is not a claim, it is neither true nor false - If...then statements are called conditional statements and they have two parts: the antecedent and the consequent. -If antecedent then consequent

Are any of these arguments?

Images, films, etc -Images and films can often convey or represent important themes or ideas that we can analyze -Political images commonly depend on juxtaposing ideas in order to trigger cognitive biases (negativity bias) -Commercial advertisements (like the three in the last slide) can sometimes appeal to sexist, misogynist, or racist ideas to sell products by triggering the belief bias -But none of these are arguments -We can interpret an image into an argument but images by themselves are not claims and so cannot be arguments

Representing Arguments -Now that we understand what arguments are, we can learn how to better represent their structure -This helps us understand how different claims function to support a conclusion -This is especially helpful if different sets of claims are being used to support one single conclusion -In the following slide, number every claim in the argument [1], [2], [3], and so on -Remember to look for premise and conclusion markers

Example We really ought to build a new airport for the city. We should do this because it would attract more business to the area and that would be good for the city, not to mention the fact that the old airport is overcrowded and dangerous. -After you have numbered all the claims: decide whether the argument is inductive or deductive and whether it is valid or invalid (if deductive) or strong or weak (if inductive)

From premises to diagrams We really ought to build a new airport for the city [1] A new airport would attract more business to the area[2] More business would be good for the city [3] The old airport is overcrowded and dangerous[4] -Notice that you might need to rephrase the claims to turn them into proper sentences -How are claims 1-4 related? An argument diagram can help to show this

From premises to diagrams They really ought to build a new airport for the city [1]. A new airport would attract more business to the area[2] More business would be good for the city [3] The old airport is overcrowded and dangerous[4] -[2] and [3] are related parts of an argument. If [2] is true and [3] is true then together they help to support [1]. -[4] is separable from [2] and [3]. If [4] is true then whether or not [2] or [3] are true we have an argument for [1]

From premises to diagrams [2] + [3][4] [1] [x] + [y]= indicates that premises are part of a single argument = 'provides evidence for'

One more example If you eat too much heavy food before going to bed then you will have strange dreams and you will wake up with a headache. I ate too much heavy food before going to bed so I will have strange dreams. I will also wake up with a headache.

One more example If you eat too much heavy food before going to bed then you will have strange dreams and you will wake up with a headache [1] I ate too much heavy food before going to bed [2] I will have strange dreams[3] I will wake up with a headache [4]

One more example [1]+[2] [3][4]

For Monday! For Monday: -Read: Chapter 3 pages Comprehensive Chapter 2 assignment DUE: (2-1) 1, 2, 4; (2-3) 1, 2, 8; (2-4) 3, 6, 8; (2-11) 2, 7, 8; (2-13)1, 3, 4