Chapters 8, 9 and 13 REVIEW

Second Great Awakening 19th century religious movement in which individual responsibility for seeking salvation was emphasized along with the need for personal and social improvement Revivals: an emotional meeting designed to awaken religious faith through impassioned preaching and prayer Brought Christianity to enslaved African Americans

Transcendentalism philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination Civil disobedience: the refusal to obey those laws which are seen as unjust in an effort to bring about a change in governmental policy Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau

Prison Reform used her personal experiences at a Massachusetts jail to pass reforms for the mentally ill Emphasized the idea of rehabilitation Dorothea Dix

Abolition movement to end slavery emancipation: freeing of slaves William Lloyd Garrison David Walker Frederick Douglass Nat Turner

Women and Reform Cult of domesticity: belief that women should restrict their activities to their home and family Temperance movement: an effort to prohibit the drinking of alcohol Seneca Falls Convention: woman's rights convention--the first ever held in the United States Elizabeth Cady Stanton Sojourner Truth

Changing Workplace Cottage industry: a system in which manufactures provided the materials for goods to be produced at home Factories and poor conditions Strikes and unions

Market Revolution Specialization: raising 1-2 crops you could sell Market revolution: buying and selling goods rather than making them Capitalism: private businesses and individuals control production to make a profit Entrepreneurs: business that invest their money into new industries New inventions New improvements to farming

Manifest Destiny God wanted the U.S. to expand across the continent- Americans meant to control the West Moved west for cheap land, trade opportunities, a fresh start Oregon Trail “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight”: Polk’s campaign slogan to call for the entire Oregon Territory from England

Texas Independence American colony grew in Texas so Stephen Austin asked Mexico for greater self-government – Said no and threw Austin in Jail War broke out- “Remember the Alamo” Texas became own republic in 1836 Texas wanted US to annex (incorporate) them into nation but citizens divided on another slave state coming into the union 1845: Texas admitted to the union

War with Mexico President Polk wanted war with Mexico to gain land Provoked Mexicans with blockade of Rio Grande US divided: North did not want war but South did because most likely be a slave state Americans sent an exploration party into California and 11 Americans killed- Congress declares war Troops pushed into New Mexico, Cali and Mexico 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Ended war – US gained Cali, NM, Nevada, Arizona and parts of Colorado and Wyoming

Populism Platform – increase in money supply – graduated income tax – federal loan program – governmental reforms For the farmers and working class Panic of 1893 Bimetallism v. gold standard William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” End of Populism: McKinley wins election