Revolution! 4.2 & 4.3 Revolutions in Europe and Latin America

France Louis XVIII: placed on throne after Napoleon –Constitution w/ limited freedoms –Ultra royalists-hated constitution –Liberals- power to the M.C. –Radicals- want a republic –Working class- concerned about wages and food (bread) prices

Charles X- absolutism! –People revolt, barricade narrow streets Louis Philippe- “Citizen King”, chosen by legislature to rule –Tended to favor m.c. over workers February Days- 1848, people take to streets, corruption in the gov’t, not enough reforms –Louis Philippe abdicates (last king of France) –Second Republic set up June Days- split between working class and M.C.

Louis Napoleon Nephew of Bonaparte, wins election for pres. of 2nd republic Vote given to all men by Nat. Assembly Liked by both left and right By 1852 names himself emperor Napoleon III (Napy’s son was known as Napoleon II even though he died young) Things are good at first, foreign wars will bring down the empire

Rest of Europe Belgium –Came under Dutch control after Congress of Vienna –Very different people, language, religion, economics –Revolt supported by France and Britain –1831 gained indep., perpetual neutral country Poland (not a separate country) –Started uprisings, never gained indep. –Most of Poland was in Russia

Austria –Student riot suppressed by Metternich, students supported by workers –Metternich resigns, flees, reforms promised, never given Italy (not a separate country) –Revolutionaries set up separate republics –Didn’t last, French and Austrian troops take back control except on Sardinia Germany (not a separate country) –People demand reforms –Frankfurt Assembly- meeting of people from many German states try to get a constitution –Offered crown to Prussian king who said no thanks

Ottoman Empire Greece –with backing of other European powers, is able gain its freedom. Serbia –Shared Slavic heritage with Russia –Russians help Serbs gain autonomy within the Empire

Why did most fail? –Lack of mass support, the ones that worked needed outside support Political work not revolution will cause change in the decades ahead France continues to face social and economic problems

Latin America Social/Ethnic Classes –Peninsulares: born in Spain (the Peninsula), they are the highest social class –Creoles: born in the New World of European parents. Land and business owners –Mestizos: Native and European parents –Mulattoes: African and European parents

Only peninsulares could hold the highest political and Church positions. Other groups resented that they were denied opportunities Educated creoles studied in Europe or read Enlightenment works Many had copies of the Dec. of Indep. and Constitution Napoleon’s invasion of Spain provides the spark for revolt

Haiti A slave revolt begins led by former slave Toussaint L’Ouverture Hispaniola was a French colony, but Spain and Britain also sent troops to stop the rebellion The revolt begins in 1791 and years of fighting finally end in 1804 when Haiti becomes an independent country.

Mexico Father Miguel Hidalgo – 1810, Creole priest, “El Grito de Dolores”: cry for freedom –Led mestizos and Natives in revolt –Captured and executed Father Jose Morelos –Picks up from Hidalgo –Led rebels for 4 years before he is shot Agustin de Iturbide –Conservative, had fought against revolts –Spanish liberals force king to issue constitution in Spain –Joins revolution and overthrows Viceroy –Calls himself Emperor, until he is overthrown and a Republic is set up

Father Hidalgo and “El Gritto de Dolores (Iturbide is in background) Agustin de Iturbide

South America Simon Bolivar –“The Liberator”, when France controls Spain in 1808 Bolivar saw opportunity –Over the next decade he frees Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela (Gran Columbia), Peru and Bolivia Jose de San Martin –Joins with Bolivar and works to free Argentina Could not achieve goal of a united South America, splintered into many countries Dom Pedro –Son of the king of Portugal –Family flees to Brazil when Napoleon takes over –When the king goes back, Dom stays –Declares Brazil’s independence and accepts a constitution

Simon Bolivar