Chapter 13 The Expansive Realm of Islam 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Arabian Peninsula Arabian Peninsula was mostly desert Nomadic Bedouin people organized in family and clan groups Important in long-distance trade networks between China/India and Persia/Byzantium ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

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Muhammad and His Message Born about 570 C.E. to merchant family in Mecca Works as merchant Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

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Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation  There was only one true god, Allah ("the god")  Allah would soon bring judgment on the world  The archangel Gabriel delivered these revelations to Muhammad ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

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The Quran Holy book of Islam Record of revelations received during visions Committed to writing ca. 650 C.E. (Muhammad dies 632 C.E.) Other works include hadith (sayings and deeds of Muhammad) 9 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Conflict at Mecca Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans Economic threat to existing religious industry Attacks on greed offended wealthy merchants Attacks on idolatry threatened shrines, especially the black rock at Ka'ba 10 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Hijra Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 C.E.  Year 0 in Muslim calendar Organizes followers into communal society (the umma) 11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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The “Seal of the Prophets” Muhammad – the final prophet Accepted the authority of Abraham, Moses, and Jesus Muhammad had been entrusted a more complete revelation, one that communicated Allah’s plan for the world 13 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Muhammad’s Return to Mecca Attack on Mecca, 630 C.E. and conversion of Mecca to Islam Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques but Ka’ba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca  Approved as pilgrimage site 14 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Ka’ba 15 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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The Five Pillars of Islam No god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet Daily prayer Fasting during Ramadan Charity Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) 19 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Muslims at Prayer 20 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Islamic Law: The Sharia Codification of Islamic law Inspired by Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis Detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost every aspect of life Through the sharia, Islam became more than a religion, it became a way of life 21 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Caliph No clear to successor to Muhammad identified Abu Bakr chosen to lead as caliph Became head of the state, chief judge, religious leader, military commander 22 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Abu Bakr

Ali

The Expansion of Islam, C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26

The Shia  The Shia sect originally supported Ali and descendents as caliph  Versus the Sunnis ("traditionalists"), the Shias accepted legitimacy of early caliphs  Different beliefs: holy days for leaders, Ali infallible  Ongoing conflict between the two sects ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27

Shi’ite Pilgrims at Karbala 28 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Umayyad Dynasty ( C.E.) Brought stability to the Islamic community Capital: Damascus, Syria Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims 29 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Umayyad Dynasty ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30

The Abbasid Dynasty ( C.E.) Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750 C.E.  Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them Dar al-Islam: is all those lands in which a Muslim government rules and the Holy Law of Islam prevails. Non-Muslims may live there on Muslim sufferance. 31 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Abbasid Empire ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32

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Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes Camel caravans Maritime trade ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 34

Changing Status of Women Quran improves status of women  Outlawed female infanticide Yet male dominance preserved  Polygamy permitted, polyandry forbidden  Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice 35 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition The Quran and sharia were main sources to formulate moral guidelines Sufis  Most effective missionaries  Encouraged followers to revere Allah in their own ways ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 36

Cultural Influences on Islam Indian influences  Adopted "Hindi numerals," which Europeans later called "Arabic numerals"  Algebra and trigonometry Greek influences  Muslims philosophers especially liked Plato and Aristotle  Ibn Rushd (Averroës) turned to Aristotle in twelfth century 37 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.