- substances in foods that provide energy and materials for cell development, growth, and repair -measures the amount of energy available in food - the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 ° C. - carrots = 30 cal, cheese pizza = 170 cal

-the regulation of the body’s internal environment - body tells you when you need more water= thirst

organicinorganic - proteins- water - carbohydrates- minerals - vitamins- no carbon - fats- can be absorbed - contain carbon directly into - foods with these bloodstream must be digested

-body is 60% water by weight - 2/3 found in cells, rest is around cells and in body fluids - lose water through perspiration - need to drink 2 liters of liquids each day

-needed in small quantities for growth, regulating body functions, and preventing some diseases - D= used by bones, made by skin when in sunlight - K= used by blood to clot, made by bacteria in large intestine - 2 types: water-soluble (must be taken daily) and fat-soluble (stored by your body)

- body uses 14 minerals - take part in chemical reactions, send nerve impulses throughout your body, and carry oxygen to body cells - calcium and phosphorous used the most

-main sources of energy for your body - made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms held together by energy - when they are broken down, they release energy -table sugar, fruits,- found in potatoes - found in plant cell walls honey, and milk and food made - cereals, fruits, beans, from grains like and vegetables pasta- can’t be digested - made of chains of- needed to keep digestive simple sugars system working 3 types: sugars:starches:fiber:

-used for replacement and repair of body cells and for growth - large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur - made of amino acids (20 amino acids can make thousands of proteins) - complete proteins provide all the essential amino acids and can be found in eggs, milk, cheese, and meat - essential amino acids- can’t be make in body cells, must get them from the food you eat

-also called lipids - provide energy and help body absorb vitamins - one gram of fat can release twice as much energy as one gram of carbohydrate - extra energy is converted to fat and stored for later unsaturated:saturated: -usually liquid at room - found in meats, animal temp. products, and some plants -vegetable oil and fats- usually solid at room temp. found in seeds- associated with high levels blood cholesterol and can lead to hear disease and stroke

-foods that contain the same type of nutrient -5 groups: 1. bread and cereal- 6 to 11 servings 2. vegetables- 3 to 5 servings 3. fruit- 2 to 4 servings 4. milk- 2 to 3 servings 5. meat- 2 to 3 servings