It provides support (framework) to which soft tissues attach & gives our body shape. * It creates movement where the muscles pull on the bones. * It protects vital organs. Eg. The ribs protect the lungs & heart. * Blood cell formation. Long bones contain bone marrow which produces new red blood cells. * It stores minerals, such as calcium and phosphurus stored in the form of collagen.

Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis diaphysis yellow marrow epiphyseal line periosteum compact bone spongy bone Endosteum hyaline cartilage Sharpey’s fibers

* DEVELOPING BONES: A baby’s bones contain cartilage. It is more flexible and tends to flex without breaking. As a child grows the cartilage turns to bone. The periosteum lays down new bone cells on the outside of the bone. Bone cells are constantly being replaced. During growth spurts form formation occurs faster than bone loss. During adulthood rate of growth and loss are similar. During old age bones become brittle and dont re-form as effectively. *EXERCISE & BONES: Exercise plays a critical role in achieving PEAK BONE MASS during childhood and adolescent years. During these years, activities that are weight bearing and high impact are the most beneficial in helping the bones being thicker and stronger. This helps reduce the risk of bone fractures and osteoporosis later in life. Resistance training is also beneficial. Peak Bone Mass is attained at about 30yrs of age and without regular exercise can decline as you get older.

* Long Bones- Longer in shape than they are wide. Light but strong.Have a hollow shaft containing yellow bone marrow, ends of bone contain red marrowEg. Femur, Radius, Humerus. *Short Bones- Chunky, compact bones. Strong and think. Same width & length. Contain spongy boneEg. Phalanges (fingers/toes), carpals (wrist) & tarsals (ankle). *Flat Bones- Provide flat areas for attachment of muscles. Protect organs. Two strong layers of compact bone joined by layer of spongy bone. Eg. Scapula, Ribs (protect heart & lungs), Skull (protects brain). *Irregular Bones- No regular shape characteristics. Made of thin layer of compact bone containing a mass of spongy bone.Eg. Vertebrae (spinal cord), Pelvis. * Sesamoid Bones- Small bones developed in tendons around some joints.Eg. Patella (kneecap).

Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertberae (5) Sacrum (5) Coccyx (4) Each vertebra has a hollow centre for the Spinal cord to travel thru. As they descend down the spine, they increase in size to support the body. Movement between each vertebra is minimal, but as a whole it is slightly flexible. Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertberae (5) Sacrum (5) Coccyx (4) Each vertebra has a hollow centre for the Spinal cord to travel thru. As they descend down the spine, they increase in size to support the body. Movement between each vertebra is minimal, but as a whole it is slightly flexible. The Vertebral Column

Cervical Vertebrae

Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) The Thoracic Cage

Sacrum & Coccyx

Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges The Upper Limb (Forelimb)

Pelvis

Ischium Ilium Acetabulum Pubis Ischium Obturator foramen Pelvis (lateral view)

Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges The Lower Limb (Legs)

metatarsals phalangies tarsals metatarsals phalangies tarsals

Immovable Joints suture pubis symphisis

Slightly Movable Joint

femur ligaments pelvis freely moveable

femur pelvis hyaline cartilage synovial cavity joint capsule

Abduction Extension Rotation Flexion Adduction Synovial Joint Movement

Diseases of the Skeletal System: Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier Factors: age, gender (more in women) estrogen and testosterone decrease insufficient exercise (or too much) diet poor in Ca ++ and protein abnormal vitamin D receptors smoking

Osteoporosis

Rickets- vitamin D deficiency Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the bones, excessive and abnormal bone remodeling Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction Diseases of the Skeletal System:

1. Discuss the importance of the skeletal system. Provide details of the functions of this system. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Discuss how particular bones are used for protective purposes. Choose a bone and organ to explain your answer. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ SKELETAL QUESTIONS

2. Name the five types of bone and give an example of each. 1) ___________________________ _____________________________ 2) ___________________________ _____________________________ 3) ___________________________ _____________________________ 4) ___________________________ _____________________________ 5) ___________________________ _____________________________ SKELETAL QUESTIONS

3. What is meant by “Peak Bone Mass” and how is it achieved? _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 4. What is the difference between the Axial and Appendicular skeletons? _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ SKELETAL QUESTIONS

5. Give the common name for each of the following bones Patella____________________________ Tibia____________________________ Clavicle____________________________ Phalanges____________________________ Sternum____________________________ Humerus____________________________ Vertebrae____________________________ Pelvis____________________________ Femur____________________________ Carpals____________________________ SKELETAL QUESTIONS

6. True or false ________ The femur is the longest bone in the body ________The vertebrae is an irregular shaped bone ________The spine is the longest bone in the body ________The cranium is made up of plates of bone that fuse together ________Toes and fingers are both called phalanges ________Slightly moveable joints allow movement in all directions ________An example of a freely moveable joint is the lumbar vertebrae ________The carpals are in both the ankle and wrist ________Flat bones are generally used for protection of internal organs ________The periosteum is the outer layer of a bone ________Spongy bone has a honeycomb appearance ________Spongy bone is heavy ________The scientific name of the kneecap is the radius ________The breast bone, or sternum, protects the heart and lungs ________The skeleton gives the muscles a structure to attach to ________Compact bone is strong and dense and hard. ________The clavicle (collar bone) is the most frequently broken bone SKELETAL QUESTIONS