Chapter 9 Georgia in the Trust Period

Interactive Notebook Limits on Colonists Limits on Trustees Benefits of Becoming a Colonist Colonists Must agree to…

The Charter of 1732 “Trustees for the Establishing of the Colony of Georgia in America” Charter: a legal document that grants special rights and sets up the rules under which something operates. Trustee: people who hold responsibility and act on behalf of others. In 1732, King George II created a charter allowing 21 Trustees, including Oglethorpe, to create a Georgia colony and oversee it for 21 years.

The Charter of 1732 The trustees could not make a profit in any way and could not get any land or receive a salary for serving on the trust. The trustees were trying to do a good deed. Their motto was: “Non Sibi Sed Aliis,” Latin for “not for self, but for others.” The Georgia Seal

The Charter of 1732 The Charter of 1732 placed numerous limits on the colonists. Georgia would have freedom of religion except for Catholics. Catholics, blacks, liquor dealers, and lawyers were not admitted to the colony. Slavery, alcohol, and gambling were also prohibited in Georgia. It included the land between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers and extended west to the Pacific Ocean. The name of the colony was to be “Georgia” in honor of King George.

The Charter of 1732 Regulations: Each male who went to GA as a charity colonist received 50 acres of land along with tools and a year’s supply of food and other necessities. Male citizens must join the militia (a force of citizen-soldiers). Women were not permitted to own land. Colonists must plant mulberry trees on some of their land. Colonists that “paid” for their passage were given up to 500 acres, but they had to have a male live on every 50 acres.

The Charter of 1732 The Charter of 1732 placed numerous limits on the colonists. Georgia would have freedom of religion except for Catholics. Catholics, blacks, liquor dealers, and lawyers were not admitted to the colony. Slavery, alcohol, and gambling were also prohibited in Georgia.

Few debtors, former prisoners, or working poor ever made it to Georgia Between 114 and 125 settlers sailed from England on the ship Ann in The Settlers of the Georgia Colony Who went to the Georgia colony? People considered “deserving”, which meant they were poor for reasons out of their control. 44 of the first 114 colonists were female, most either wives or daughters of male settlers. Later they realized that they needed more single women of marriageable age. The Ann

Tomochichi and Mary Musgrove ► Oglethorpe befriended Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraw Indians. ► The Yamacraw Indians were struggling to survive and had became dependent on European goods. Tomochichi believed that befriending Oglethorpe would benefit his people and form a new trading partnership. ► Tomochichi led the settlers to Yamacraw Bluff overlooking the Savannah River. This became the first settlement of the new Georgia colony. ► Mary Musgrove and her husband John had created a trading post near the Yamacraw Bluff where they would trade British goods to the Native Americans. ► Tomochichi spoke very little English so Mary Musgrove served as the interpreted between Oglethorpe and Tomochichi.

Mary Musgrove and Tomochichi Chief of the Yamacraw Interpreter for Oglethorpe and Tomochichi

Savannah ► William Bull from S. Carolina, helped lay out the streets and squares. Savannah began with 4 squares. ► Each square have 20 lots on the north side and 20 lots on the south side. ► Each lot was 60ft. X 90 ft. ► Each square with its 40 lots was called a “ward” ► Each male head of a household received his 50 acres of land, which included one of these town lots on a square, a garden on the edge of town, and a 45 acre farm lot further out. ► James Oglethorpe supervised the building. He did not have the official title of governor, but was the only trustee on site.

Savannah ► 40 settlers died the first year, probably from what they called “fevers” or typhoid. ► Public buildings were built. The first was the courthouse that also served as the church. Colonist defended themselves since no lawyers were permitted. ► A guardhouse was located on the east end of town with a “pillory” (wooden stocks in which a person’s head and hands were locked). ► A storehouse, a mill for grinding grain into flour, and a large public over for baking bread. Grist Mill Pillory Public Oven

Savannah

Jews in Georgia ► 42 Arrived in 1733 ► the only reason Gen. Oglethorpe admitted the Jewish settlers was because of a doctor on board who could help cure a yellow fever epidemic. (Dr. Samuel Nunez) ► His medical attention saved a colony from complete loss to Yellow Fever ► Settled in Savannah, Monterey Square is the site of the Jewish Synagogue built and is still in use today, 3 rd oldest synagogue in the nation.

New Laws Oglethorpe’s Return in 1736 ► Rum Law—made the sale and use of rum and other “spirits” illegal in GA. Settlers could drink beer, wine, and cider. ► Anyone trading with the Indians in GA must have a license. Trustees wanted to keep good relations with the Indians by making sure they were treated fairly. GA didn’t want them to become allies( a person, group, or country who joins with another for a common interest.) ► Slavery is illegal. Indentured servants (people who sold their labor for a period of years in return for passage to the colony, usually for 7 years).

Interactive Notebook ROLE OF THE SALZBURGERS AND HIGHLAND SCOTS ► WHO: SALZBURGERS ► WHAT: ► WHEN: ► WHERE: ► WHY: ► WHO: HIGHLAND SCOTS ► WHAT: ► WHEN: ► WHERE: ► WHY:

SALZBURGERS ► “The Georgia Salzburgers, a group of German- speaking Protestant colonists, founded the town of Ebenezer in what is now Effingham County. Arriving in 1734, the group received support from King George II of England and the Georgia Trustees after being expelled from its home in the Catholic principality of Salzburg (in present-day Austria). The Salzburgers survived extreme hardships in both Europe and Georgia to establish a prosperous and culturally unique community.” - New Georgia Encyclopedia

SALZBURGERS key points ► came to Georgia after being expelled from Germany / Austria for not being Catholic ► Protestants who wanted religious freedom ► Created the town of Ebenezer, but was too swampy to survive ► Relocated to the town of New Ebenezer along Savannah River – became a very religious community, also had silk mills ► Trustees liked the hard working Salzburgers because they did not like slavery or alcohol which were rules the colonists had to live by ► Very successful farmers

Rincon, Georgia is where the town of New Ebenezer was located.

Sketch of Ebenezer, Georgia Print from Von Reck Archive, Royal Library of Denmark, Copenhagen Sketch of Ebenezer, Georgia Print from Von Reck Archive, Royal Library of Denmark, Copenhagen

MAP OF THE SALZBURGER SETTLEMENT OF NEW EBENEZER ON THE SAVANNAH RIVER

SALZBURGERS Whatever you forget about the Salzburgers between now and the CRCT, at least remember this… The Salzburgers were Protestant Christians who were kicked out of Catholic controlled Germany and wanted religious freedom in Georgia.

ROLE OF THE SALZBURGERS AND HIGHLAND SCOTS ► WHO: SALZBURGERS ► WHAT: GROUP OF PROTESTANT PEOPLE FROM EUROPE (GERMANY / AUSTRIA) WHO HELPED COLONIZE GEORGIA ► WHEN: 1734 ► WHERE: BUILT THE TOWN OF NEW EBENEZER NORTHWEST OF SAVANNAH ALONG THE SAVANNAH RIVER. ► WHY: ESCAPED RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION FROM CATHOLIC CONTROLLED GERMANY / AUSTRIA ► WHO: HIGHLAND SCOTS ► WHAT: ► WHEN: ► WHERE: ► WHY:

HIGHLAND SCOTS ► “James Oglethorpe wanted to protect the Georgia colony from possible attacks from Spanish Florida. The men of Scotland had the reputation of being good soldiers, and so Oglethorpe recruited a group of about 175 Highland Scots to settle in the area south of Savannah. The group arrived at the Altamaha River in 1736 and established a settlement they originally called New Inverness. Later, they changed the name to Darien.” - Dr. Glen Blankenship and Vicki Wood

HIGHLAND SCOTS key points ► Came to Georgia in 1736 from Scotland ► Built the town / fort of Darien south of Savannah along the Altamaha River ► Reputation of hard working people who were good soldiers ► Protected the Georgia colony from Spanish Florida – helped Oglethorpe push the Spanish out of Georgia in the Battle of Bloody Marsh ► Changed from farming to cattle raising and harvesting timber ► Opposed slavery in the colony

Darien: Where the Highland Scots built a fort and settlement to protect the colony from Spanish Florida.

HIGHLAND SCOTS SUMMARY Whatever you forget about the Highland Scots between now and the CRCT, at least remember this… The Highland Scots were soldiers who colonized Georgia by creating the town of Darien and helped defend the colony from the Spanish during the Battle of Bloody Marsh.

ROLE OF THE SALZBURGERS AND HIGHLAND SCOTS ► WHO: SALZBURGERS ► WHAT: GROUP OF PROTESTANT PEOPLE FROM EUROPE (GERMANY / AUSTRIA) WHO HELPED COLONIZE GEORGIA ► WHEN: 1734 ► WHERE: BUILT THE TOWN OF NEW EBENEZER NORTHWEST OF SAVANNAH ALONG THE SAVANNAH RIVER. ► WHY: ESCAPED RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION FROM CATHOLIC CONTROLLED GERMANY / AUSTRIA ► WHO: HIGHLAND SCOTS ► WHAT: GROUP OF SOLDIERS FROM SCOTLAND WHO HELP COLONIZE GEORGIA AND DEFEND THE COLONY FROM THE SPANISH ► WHEN: 1736 ► WHERE: BUILT THE TOWN & FORT CALLED DARIEN ALONG THE ALTAMAHA RIVER AND RAISED CATTLE AND TIMBER ► WHY: OGLETHORPE NEEDED THEIR MILITARY HELP TO DEFEAT THE SPANISH DURING THE BATTLE OF BLOODY MARSH

Moravians ► German-speaking Protestants (religious sect: Unity of Brethren). ► Worked to educate the Indians and convert them to Christianity. ► Most lived in Savannah, but some lived nearby in Irene, located about 5 miles up the Savannah River where there was an Indian school. They were pacifists and believed that any kind of fighting or violence was wrong. They had difficulty being accepted in Georgia. Most fled to Pennsylvania. was an Indian school. They were pacifists and believed that any kind of fighting or violence was wrong. They had difficulty being accepted in Georgia. Most fled to Pennsylvania.

Malcontents “ Complaints” ► Land Problems – poor soil, too many restrictions on selling, leasing and inheriting land, & difficulty growing what England wanted ► Slavery – Many of the crops were labor-intensive. They wanted slaves like S.C. ► Rum – Rum was cheap to buy and could be traded as well. They wanted to be able to drink. ► By some of the loudest malcontents fled to South Carolina. The discontent did not go away.

Spanish Threat from Florida ► After the explorations of Hernando DeSoto and other Spanish conquistadors, Florida was colonized by Spain. ► The Spanish were interested in the land north of their colony that later became Georgia. ► The British built Fort Frederica in Georgia in an effort to protect the colony. ► Georgian soldiers led an attack on St. Augustine, Florida in Two years later the Spanish attacked Fort Frederica. ► The Battle of Bloody Marsh was the main battle between British Georgia and Spanish Florida. James Oglethorpe led the Georgia soldiers to victory (though he did not capture St. Augustine) and Spain never again attacked a British colony on the eastern coast.

End of the Trustee Period ► In 1743, Oglethorpe was called to Great Britain to answer charges that he had not acted correctly when he failed to capture St. Augustine. ► Oglethorpe was cleared of the charges but he did not return to Georgia. ► Georgia still had many problems. People were also allowed to begin buying and selling rum (alcohol) in ► People still wanted to own more land and slaves. By 1750 laws against land ownership (each person could only own 500 acres of land) and slavery were repealed. People were now able to own as much land and as many slaves as they could afford. ► In 1752, one year before the end of the Charter of 1732, the trustees returned Georgia to the authority of King George II and Georgia enters the Royal Period.