Indian Nationalism & Decolonization

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Presentation transcript:

Indian Nationalism & Decolonization

British take political control of India 1858 British take political control of India

Causes of Indian nationalism: discontent with British rule India unified leadership: Western-educated Indian elite common language new print culture nationalist orgs: 1885 – Indian National Congress early 1900s – Swadeshi Samitis 1906 – Muslim League

Political Nationalism desire for greater political freedoms, such as: suffrage more Indians in government independence

Cultural Nationalism development of “Indian” cultural identity rewrite histories emphasis on Hinduism Indian contributions to math and sciences idea of Indian art

Indian National Congress 1885 1st – Indian elite only 1920s – mass movement (Gandhi) moderate constitutional methods Alan Octavian Hume, founder of Indian National Indian National Union, which became INC

Swadeshi Movement early 1900s Swadeshi = “one’s own country,” self-sufficiency boycott British goods Indians produce own goods Indian schools  nationalist education nationalism = mass movement

Indian National Muslim League 1906 advocate for Muslim political rights Muhammad Ali Jinnah – leader of Muslim League, founder of Pakistan, and first Governor-General of Pakistan

Gandhi (1869-1948) leader of INC, 1920s-1930s nonviolence (satyagraha)

Chronology - early life & training for his future role: 1869 – born in Gujarat 1888-1891 – study law in Britain 1893-1899, 1902-1915 – fight racism in SA

Chronology – protest against British rule builds & Gandhi becomes Indian leader: 1915 – Satyagraha Ashram 1919 – Amritsar Massacre 1922-1924 – imprisonment 1924 – 21-day fast: Hindu-Muslim unity 1930 – Salt March January 1948 – fast: Hindu-Muslim unity 1948 – assassinated by Hindu zealot

Gandhi and followers on the Salt March

On the beach at Dandi, the end of the Salt March

Issues in the Indian nationalist movement method – nonviolence vs. violence religion – Hinduism vs. Islam women’s rights Q of westernization/modernization

Independence August 14, 1947 – Pakistan (Muslim majority) August 15, 1947 – India (Hindu majority)

India before (left) and after (right) 1947

Post-Independence Violence Hindu vs. Muslim 1 million deaths 12 million relocated Gandhi’s fast  success

Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) 1st PM of India (1947-1964) goal: modernize India, via socialist economics & democratic politics

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