The History of American Education 7

EDUCATIONAL TIME LINE TIME EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHYFOCUS OF CURRICULUM 1600s“Two Rs”Secondary education for males only; reading and religion 1700sLife in the presentReading, religion, morality, writing, and arithmetic; vocational skills; academy open to females 1800sSecular educationSecondary education in Latin or English curriculum Early 1900sProgressive educationCreative expression; junior high school developed; secondary education for all students 6.1

EDUCATIONAL TIME LINE (continued) TIME EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHYFOCUS OF CURRICULUM 1940s-1960sDiscipline-orientedCongress funded programs in science, math, languages, and guidance 1960s-1970sSocial concern and humanistic education Gender-based courses; multiethnic curricula 1980sBack to basicsAcademic subjects emphasized; increased discipline; elimination of electives; competency exams 1990sWidening of the core curriculum Expansion of the core curriculum to include more people of color and women Current_____________________________ 6.2

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICA’S SCHOOLS Middle/High Schools (1950s-Present) Dame Schools (1600) Local Schools (1600s-1800s) Tutors ( ) Itinerant Schools (1700s) Private Schools (1700s-1800s) Common Schools (1830-Present) Latin Grammar Schools (1600s-1700s) English Grammar Schools (1700s) Academies (1700s-1800s) High Schools (1800s-Present) Junior High Schools (1909-Present) 7.1

EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES 1600s Informal family education, apprenticeships, dame schools, tutors 1635 Boston Latin Grammar School 1636 Harvard College 1647 Old Deluder Satan Law New England Primer published 1700s Development of a national interest in education, state responsibility for education, growth in secondary education 1740 South Carolina denies education to blacks 1751 Opening of the Franklin Academy in Philadelphia 1783 Noah Webster’s American Spelling Book 1785, 1787 Land Ordinance Act, Northwest Ordinance Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics,

EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES (Continued) 1800s Increasing role of public secondary schools, increased but segregated education for women and minorities, attention to the field of education and teacher preparation 1821 Emma Willard’s Troy Female Seminary opens, first endowed secondary school for girls 1821 First public high school opens in Boston 1823 First (private) normal school opens in Vermont 1827 Massachusetts requires public high schools 1837 Horace Mann becomes secretary of board of education in Massachusetts 1839 First public normal school in Lexington, Massachusetts 1855 First kindergarten (German language) in United States 1862 Morrill Land Grant College Act 1874 Kalamazoo case (legalizes taxes for high schools) 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision supporting racially separate but equal schools Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics,

EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES (Continued) 1900s Increasing federal support for educational rights of poor, females, minorities, and disabled; increased federal funding of specific (categorical) education programs 1909 First junior high school in Berkeley, California 1917 Smith-Hughes Act 1919 Progressive education programs 1932 New Deal education programs 1944 G.I. Bill of Rights 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court decision outlawing racial segregation in schools 1957 Sputnik leads to increased federal education funds 1958 National Defense Education Act funds science, math, and foreign language programs Job Corps and Head Start are funded Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics,

EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES Job Corps and Head Start are funded 1965 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT (ESEA) 1968 BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT 1972 Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in schools 1975, 1991 Public Law , Education for All Handicapped Children Act (renamed the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act), is passed 1979 Cabinet-level Department of Education is established 2001 No Child Left Behind Act calls for state standards and annual testing 7.5 Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

Cultural Issues in Education

THE DIGITAL DIVIDE ON COMPUTER USE Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 2008 (Issued March 2009). 6.7 Figure 6.2

DIVERSITY AND EDUCATION GroupKey Points African Americans Arab Americans Asian/Pacific Americans European Americans Hispanics Native Americans Women and Girls Other(s) 7.6 Student Generated Responses

THE GROWTH OF THE U.S. SCHOOL Year 14 to 17 Year-Olds in School (Percentage of Total) Source: Projections of Education Statistics to 2010, U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement. 7.7

U.S. HISPANIC SUBGROUPS Figure 7.1 Source: The Hispanic Population in the United States, U.S Census Bureau, June

ARAB AMERICANS BY ANCESTRY Figure 7.2 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation ( issued July

Race and Ethnicity Issues 0 Panethnic Membership: based on national origin from a large geographic region that includes numerous countries (Hispanic, Asians, Arabs) 0 Race and Ethnicity (linked but not same) 0 Both influence one’s cultural identity and status in society

Race and Ethnicity 0 Race based on physical characteristics 0 White is the norm against which persons of color are classified as other. 0 Most whites unable to see privileges 0 Silence contributes to a racist society

Race and Ethnicity 0 Ethnicity based on national origin 0 Ethnic group members share a common history, language, traditions and experiences in U.S. 0 Strong Ethnicity: when members interact and live together 0 Strengthened when members organize to advance the rights of the group

Ethnic Diversity Most oppressed groups in U.S. indigenous peoples groups whose ancestors entered involuntarily

Ethnic Diversity Native American Indian 2000-U.S. government admitted to near genocide of native peoples apologizing for “legacy of racism and inhumanity that included massacres, forced relocations of tribes, and attempts to wipe out Indian languages and cultures” (Read Alice Walker’s account of Indian schools)

Ethnic Diversity African Americans Not treated as full humans until well into the 19 th century Not until the late 20 th century did Africans choose to immigrate to the U.S. Mexican Americans Inhabitants of annexed land from Spanish- American War; did not immigrate Today they can’t enter the country

Language Issues 0 English is NOT the native language for 47 million Americans. 0 Spanish, Italian and Sign language are most common 0 Children learn native language by age 5 0 Many immigrant children did not attend school in native country 0 Takes 3-7 years to learn English 0 (View ppt on ESOL Current Issues)

Gender Issues Males and Females in School Girls expected to be quiet, follow the rules, and help the teacher. Boys are rowdier and less attentive What are gender bias issues you have observed or experienced in school? Watch videos on single-sex classrooms/schools.

Gender Issues Title IX Legislation that addresses civil rights of girls and women in education Requires federally funded colleges and schools to provide equal educational opportunity to girls Controversial part-girls participating in athletics (read three-part rule, page. 62)

Sexual Orientation Issues Sexual orientation is established early in life. It is not learned in adolescence. Majority of gay adults report feeling different from other children before they entered kindergarten. Estimated 10% of population is gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender

Sexual Orientation Issues Gays and Lesbians Face discrimination in housing, employment and many social institutions Victims of homophobia (expressed in harassment and violence) that is tolerated in many areas Experience isolation and loneliness 70% fear for safety in schools (They feel safer in schools with supportive staff, portrayals in curriculum, and clubs)

Exceptionalities Issues Disability: a long-standing physical, mental, or emotional condition that make it difficult for a person to perform activities such as walking, climbing stairs, dressing, bathing, learning, or remembering. Inclusion: integration of all students, regardless of their background or abilities, in all aspects of the educational process Watch commercial from Glee Read page 66 and respond to questions.