AP Biology AP Biology John D. O’Bryant School of Mathematics and Science November 6, 2012

AP Biology Agenda  Do Now (Table of Contents)  HW discussion; Lab discussion  Photosynthesis: Modeling

AP Biology Quiz  1. Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?  A) CO2 and glucose B) H2O and O2 C) ADP, Pi, and NADP+ D) electrons and H+ E) ATP and NADPH

AP Biology Quiz  2. Where does the Calvin cycle take place?  A) stroma of the chloroplast B) thylakoid membrane C) cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast D) chlorophyll molecule E) outer membrane of the chloroplast

AP Biology Quiz  3. In any ecosystem, terrestrial or aquatic, what group(s) is (are) always necessary?  A) autotrophs and heterotrophs B) producers and primary consumers C) photosynthesizers D) autotrophs E) green plants

AP Biology Quiz  4. When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following?  A) reducing NADP+ B) splitting the water molecules C) chemiosmosis D) the electron transfer system of photosystem I E) the electron transfer system of photosystem II

AP Biology Quiz  5. In autotrophic bacteria, where are the enzymes located that can carry on organic synthesis?  A) chloroplast membranes B) nuclear membranes C) free in the cytosol D) along the outer edge of the nucleoid E) along the inner surface of the plasma membrane

AP Biology Quiz  6. In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules?  A) split water and release oxygen to the reaction- center chlorophyll B) harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll C) synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi D) transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH E) concentrate photons within the stroma

AP Biology Quiz  7. Which of the following molecules is both a reactant and a product of photosynthesis?   A) H2O  B) glucose  C) O2  D) CO2  E) chlorophyll

AP Biology Quiz  8. The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because  A) there are 700 chlorophyll molecules in the center. B) this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm. C) there are 700 photosystem I components to each chloroplast. D) it absorbs 700 photons per microsecond. E) the plastoquinone reflects light with a wavelength of 700 nm.

AP Biology Quiz  9. Which of the events listed below occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis?  A) NADP is produced. B) NADPH is reduced to NADP+. C) carbon dioxide is incorporated into PGA. D) ATP is phosphorylated to yield ADP. E) light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.

AP Biology Quiz  10. Which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II?  A) Light energy excites electrons in the electron transport chain in a photosynthetic unit. B) The excitation is passed along to a molecule of P700 chlorophyll in the photosynthetic unit. C) The P680 chlorophyll donates a pair of protons to NADPH, which is thus converted to NADP+. D) The electron vacancies in P680 are filled by electrons derived from water. E) The splitting of water yields molecular carbon dioxide as a by-product.

AP Biology Quiz  11. Which of the following colors contributes the least energy to photosynthesis?  A) blue  B) red  C) violet  D) orange  E) green

AP Biology Quiz  12. The electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem I are replaced by electrons from  A) CO2.  B) ATP.  C) H2O.  D) the top of the electron transport chain.  E) the bottom of the electron transport chain.

AP Biology Quiz  13. The electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem II are replaced by electrons from  A) CO2.  B) ATP.  C) H2O.  D) NADPH.  E) photosystem I.

AP Biology Quiz  14. Photophosphorylation differs from oxidative phosphorylation in that  A) it involves an electron transport chain.  B) energy is stored in the form of a proton concentration difference.  C) regeneration of ATP is driven by a flow of protons through an ATP synthase.  D) the final electron acceptor is NADP+ and not oxygen.  E) its enzymes are membrane-bound.

AP Biology Quiz  15. In photophosphorylation, energy from electron flow is used to transport ________ from the ________ to the thylakoid compartment, generating a concentration gradient of ________.  A) electrons... grana... H+  B) H+... grana... electrons  C) H+... stroma... H+  D) electrons... stroma... H+

Table of Contents (Notes/Classwork) DateTopicPage number 11/1/12Cellular Respiration summary; Photosynthesis: Overview 11/2/12Photosynthesis: Overview, Light Reactions; Pigment lab 11/5/12Photosynthesis: Calvin Cycle, Light Reactions 11/6/12Photosynthesis: Modeling

AP Biology HW 1. Discuss the possible effects of the following on photosynthesis:  i) chloroplast with a leaky outer membrane  ii) chloroplast with a leaky thylakoid membrane  iii) an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere  iv) a decrease in the amount of available sunlight  v) an increase in the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere 2. Describe the experiment that was done by scientists to figure out whether the oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis came from carbon dioxide or water. 3. Create a flow diagram (concept map) showing the sequence of events during photophosphorylation. Include both cyclic and noncyclic flow. 4. In the mid-1600s, the Belgian physician and chemist Jan Baptista van Helmont grew a small willow tree in a pot, adding only water to the soil. After five years, he found that the soil in the pot had lost only 60 grams, while the tree had grown by nearly 75 kilograms – more than 1,000 times the material lost from the soil. Van Helmont concluded that the tree had gained most of its substance not from the soil, but rather from the water he supplied. Was van Helmont right? Explain.

AP Biology Modeling Photosynthesis Task: In pairs, build a dynamic model of C3 photosynthesis using cutout pieces of paper to represent the molecules, ions, and membrane transporters or pumps. You should be able to manipulate or move carbon dioxide and water and its breakdown products through the various steps of the process.

AP Biology

AP Biology Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air

AP Biology ETC of Photosynthesis Photosystem IIPhotosystem I chlorophyll a chlorophyll b

AP Biology 1 ETC of Photosynthesis e e sun Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll a

AP Biology 1 2 ETC of Photosynthesis Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll a O HH H H Inhale, baby! e e e e e-e- e-e- H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ ATP thylakoid chloroplast H+H+ +H+H O O Plants SPLIT water! fill the e – vacancy

AP Biology 1 2 H+H+ H+H+ 3 4 H+H+ ADP + P i H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ e e e e ATP to Calvin Cycle energy to build carbohydrates H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ ATP thylakoid chloroplast Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll a ETC of Photosynthesis ATP

AP Biology e e e e sun 5 Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll a Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll b e e ETC of Photosynthesis e e fill the e – vacancy

AP Biology 6 electron carrier e e e e 5 sun NADPH to Calvin Cycle Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll a Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll b $$ in the bank… reducing power! ETC of Photosynthesis

AP Biology split H 2 O ETC of Photosynthesis O ATP to Calvin Cycle H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ e e e e sun

AP Biology ETC of Photosynthesis  ETC uses light energy to produce  ATP & NADPH  go to Calvin cycle  PS II absorbs light  excited electron passes from chlorophyll to “primary electron acceptor”  need to replace electron in chlorophyll  enzyme extracts electrons from H 2 O & supplies them to chlorophyll  splits H 2 O  O combines with another O to form O 2  O 2 released to atmosphere  and we breathe easier!

AP Biology 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy  +++ Experimental evidence  Where did the O 2 come from?  radioactive tracer = O 18 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O26O2 light energy  +++ Experiment 1 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy  +++ Experiment 2 Proved O 2 came from H 2 O not CO 2 = plants split H 2 O!

AP Biology Noncyclic Photophosphorylation  Light reactions elevate electrons in 2 steps (PS II & PS I)  PS II generates energy as ATP  PS I generates reducing power as NADPH ATP

AP Biology Cyclic photophosphorylation  If PS I can’t pass electron to NADP…it cycles back to PS II & makes more ATP, but no NADPH  coordinates light reactions to Calvin cycle  Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH  18 ATP + 12 NADPH 1 C 6 H 12 O 6  ATP

AP Biology Photophosphorylation NONcyclic photophosphorylation cyclic photophosphorylation ATP NADP

AP Biology Photosynthesis summary Where did the energy come from? Where did the electrons come from? Where did the H 2 O come from? Where did the O 2 come from? Where did the O 2 go? Where did the H + come from? Where did the ATP come from? What will the ATP be used for? Where did the NADPH come from? What will the NADPH be used for? …stay tuned for the Calvin cycle

AP Biology Photosynthesis summary Where did the energy come from? Sun (photons) Where did the electrons come from? Where did the H 2 O come from? Where did the O 2 come from? Where did the O 2 go? Where did the H + come from? Where did the ATP come from? What will the ATP be used for? Where did the NADPH come from? What will the NADPH be used for? …stay tuned for the Calvin cycle

AP Biology Photosynthesis summary Where did the energy come from? Sun (photons) Where did the electrons come from? H2O (H+) Where did the H 2 O come from? Where did the O 2 come from? Where did the O 2 go? Where did the H + come from? Where did the ATP come from? What will the ATP be used for? Where did the NADPH come from? What will the NADPH be used for? …stay tuned for the Calvin cycle

AP Biology Photosynthesis summary Where did the energy come from? Sun (photons) Where did the electrons come from? H2O (H+) Where did the H 2 O come from? Environment Where did the O 2 come from? Where did the O 2 go? Where did the H + come from? Where did the ATP come from? What will the ATP be used for? Where did the NADPH come from? What will the NADPH be used for? …stay tuned for the Calvin cycle

AP Biology Photosynthesis summary Where did the energy come from? Sun (photons) Where did the electrons come from? H2O (H+) Where did the H 2 O come from? Environment Where did the O 2 come from? (Splitting of) H2O Where did the O 2 go? Where did the H + come from? Where did the ATP come from? What will the ATP be used for? Where did the NADPH come from? What will the NADPH be used for? …stay tuned for the Calvin cycle

AP Biology Photosynthesis summary Where did the energy come from? Sun (photons) Where did the electrons come from? H2O (H+) Where did the H 2 O come from? Environment Where did the O 2 come from? (Splitting of) H2O Where did the O 2 go? Diffuses out through stomata Where did the H + come from? Where did the ATP come from? What will the ATP be used for? Where did the NADPH come from? What will the NADPH be used for? …stay tuned for the Calvin cycle

AP Biology Photosynthesis summary Where did the energy come from? Sun (photons) Where did the electrons come from? H2O (H+) Where did the H 2 O come from? Environment Where did the O 2 come from? (Splitting of) H2O Where did the O 2 go? Diffuses out through stomata Where did the H + come from? (Splitting of) H2O Where did the ATP come from? What will the ATP be used for? Where did the NADPH come from? What will the NADPH be used for? …stay tuned for the Calvin cycle

AP Biology Photosynthesis summary Where did the energy come from? Sun (photons) Where did the electrons come from? H2O (H+) Where did the H 2 O come from? Environment Where did the O 2 come from? (Splitting of) H2O Where did the O 2 go? Diffuses out through stomata Where did the H + come from? (Splitting of) H2O Where did the ATP come from? ETC What will the ATP be used for? Where did the NADPH come from? What will the NADPH be used for? …stay tuned for the Calvin cycle

AP Biology Photosynthesis summary Where did the energy come from? Sun (photons) Where did the electrons come from? H2O (H+) Where did the H 2 O come from? Environment Where did the O 2 come from? (Splitting of) H2O Where did the O 2 go? Diffuses out through stomata Where did the H + come from? (Splitting of) H2O Where did the ATP come from? ETC What will the ATP be used for? Calvin Cycle Where did the NADPH come from? What will the NADPH be used for? …stay tuned for the Calvin cycle

AP Biology Photosynthesis summary Where did the energy come from? Sun (photons) Where did the electrons come from? H2O (H+) Where did the H 2 O come from? Environment Where did the O 2 come from? (Splitting of) H2O Where did the O 2 go? Diffuses out through stomata Where did the H + come from? (Splitting of) H2O Where did the ATP come from? ETC What will the ATP be used for? Calvin Cycle Where did the NADPH come from? Light reactions What will the NADPH be used for? …stay tuned for the Calvin cycle

AP Biology Photosynthesis summary Where did the energy come from? Sun (photons) Where did the electrons come from? H2O (H+) Where did the H 2 O come from? Environment Where did the O 2 come from? (Splitting of) H2O Where did the O 2 go? Diffuses out through stomata Where did the H + come from? (Splitting of) H2O Where did the ATP come from? ETC What will the ATP be used for? Calvin Cycle Where did the NADPH come from? Light reactions What will the NADPH be used for? Calvin Cycle …stay tuned for the Calvin cycle

AP Biology You can grow if you Ask Questions!

AP Biology Ghosts of Lectures Past (storage)

AP Biology Stomates

AP Biology Photosynthesis: The Calvin Cycle Life from Air

AP Biology The Calvin Cycle Whoops! Wrong Calvin… 1950s | 1961

AP Biology Remember what it means to be a plant…  Need to produce all organic molecules necessary for growth  carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids  Need to store chemical energy (ATP) produced from light reactions  in a more stable form  that can be moved around plant  saved for a rainy day + water + energy  glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy  +++

AP Biology Light reactions  Convert solar energy to chemical energy  ATP  NADPH  What can we do now?  energy  reducing power   build stuff !! photosynthesis ATP

AP Biology How is that helpful?  Want to make C 6 H 12 O 6  synthesis  How? From what? What raw materials are available? CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 NADPH NADP reduces CO 2 carbon fixation NADP

AP Biology From CO 2  C 6 H 12 O 6  CO 2 has very little chemical energy  fully oxidized  C 6 H 12 O 6 contains a lot of chemical energy  highly reduced  Synthesis = endergonic process  put in a lot of energy  Reduction of CO 2  C 6 H 12 O 6 proceeds in many small uphill steps  each catalyzed by a specific enzyme  using energy stored in ATP & NADPH

AP Biology From Light reactions to Calvin cycle  Calvin cycle  chloroplast stroma  Need products of light reactions to drive synthesis reactions  ATP  NADPH stroma thylakoid ATP

AP Biology starch, sucrose, cellulose & more 1C CO 2 Calvin cycle 5C RuBP 3C RuBisCo 1. Carbon fixation 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration of RuBP ribulose bisphosphate ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase 6 NADP 6 NADPH 6 ADP 6 ATP 3 ADP 3 ATP used to make glucose 3C G3P glyceraldehyde-3-P CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC 6C CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC PGA phosphoglycerate CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC C C C CCC == | H | H | H | H | H | H CCC –– 5C

AP Biology glycolysis glucose C-C-C-C-C-C fructose-1,6bP P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P DHAP P-C-C-C G3P C-C-C-P pyruvate C-C-C ATP 2 ADP 2 ATP 4 ADP 4 NAD Remember G3P? glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Photosynthesis

AP Biology To G3P and Beyond!  Glyceraldehyde-3-P  end product of Calvin cycle  energy rich 3 carbon sugar  “C3 photosynthesis”  G3P is an important intermediate  G3P   glucose   carbohydrates   lipids   phospholipids, fats, waxes   amino acids   proteins   nucleic acids   DNA, RNA To G3P and beyond!

AP Biology RuBisCo  Enzyme which fixes carbon from air  ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase  the most important enzyme in the world!  it makes life out of air!  definitely the most abundant enzyme I’m green with envy! It’s not easy being green!

AP Biology Accounting  The accounting is complicated  3 turns of Calvin cycle = 1 G3P  3 CO 2  1 G3P (3C)  6 turns of Calvin cycle = 1 C 6 H 12 O 6 (6C)  6 CO 2  1 C 6 H 12 O 6 (6C)  18 ATP + 12 NADPH  1 C 6 H 12 O 6  any ATP left over from light reactions will be used elsewhere by the cell

AP Biology Photosynthesis summary  Light reactions  produced ATP  produced NADPH  consumed H 2 O  produced O 2 as byproduct  Calvin cycle  consumed CO 2  produced G3P (sugar)  regenerated ADP  regenerated NADP NADPADP

AP Biology Light Reactions O2O2 H2OH2O Energy Building Reactions ATP  produces ATP  produces NADPH  releases O 2 as a waste product sunlight H2OH2O ATP O2O2 light energy  +++ NADPH

AP Biology Calvin Cycle sugars CO 2 Sugar Building Reactions ADP  builds sugars  uses ATP & NADPH  recycles ADP & NADP  back to make more ATP & NADPH ATP NADPH NADP CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6  +++ NADPATP + NADPHADP

AP Biology Putting it all together CO 2 H2OH2OC 6 H 12 O 6 O2O2 light energy  +++ Sugar Building Reactions Energy Building Reactions Plants make both:  energy  ATP & NADPH  sugars sunlight O2O2 H2OH2O sugars CO 2 ADP ATP NADPH NADP

AP Biology H2OH2O Energy cycle Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration sun glucose O2O2 CO 2 plants animals, plants ATP The Great Circle of Life,Mufasa! CO 2 H2OH2O C 6 H 12 O 6 O2O2 light energy  +++ even though this equation is a bit of a lie… it makes a better story CO 2 H2OH2O C 6 H 12 O 6 O2O2 ATP energy  +++

AP Biology Summary of photosynthesis  Where did the CO 2 come from?  Where did the CO 2 go?  Where did the H 2 O come from?  Where did the H 2 O go?  Where did the energy come from?  What’s the energy used for?  What will the C 6 H 12 O 6 be used for?  Where did the O 2 come from?  Where will the O 2 go?  What else is involved…not listed in this equation? 6CO 2 6H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy  +++

AP Biology Supporting a biosphere  On global scale, photosynthesis is the most important process for the continuation of life on Earth  each year photosynthesis…  captures 121 billion tons of CO 2  synthesizes 160 billion tons of carbohydrate  heterotrophs are dependent on plants as food source for fuel & raw materials

AP Biology The poetic perspective…  All the solid material of every plant was built by sunlight out of thin air  All the solid material of every animal was built from plant material Then all the plants, cats, dogs, elephants & people … are really particles of air woven together by strands of sunlight! sun air

AP Biology If plants can do it… You can learn it! Ask Questions!!

AP Biology Plant pigment lab