Practice of English Composition 영작문 연습 Prof. Shao Guangqing shaoguangqing@gmail.com

Contents Unit 4 Opinion essays Part 3 Developing your ideas Reading: The best medicine Rhetorical focuses Part 4 Editing your writing Language focuses Editing a student essay

Reading: The Best Medicine Read the essay. What is the best medicine? The best medicine is antibiotics.

Introduction Hook (a story) Background information Every day doctors prescribe antibiotics to help thousands of patients around the world fight infections. Thesis statement (telling the writer’s position) I do not like to think about what might happen if we did not have antibiotics.

Body paragraph Topic sentence (sentence 1) Reasons Counter-argument (1) Infections are frequent and life threatening; (2) Antibiotics stop an infection from spreading to others. Counter-argument Recently many people have argued that doctors prescribe antibiotics too often and that the bacteria that cause infections are becoming stronger as a result. Refutation This may be true; however, this does not mean antibiotics are not important. We must learn to use it wisely.

Conclusion Strategy the author uses for conclusion? Giving a warning Making a prediction

Rhetorical focus: facts vs. opinions Write F is the statement is a fact and O if it is an opinion. __1. Small airplanes are used in advertising. __2. The modern disposable diaper has dramatically improved parents’ lives. __3. Many nations are working together to build and maintain the International Space Station. F O F

Rhetorical focus: facts vs. opinions Write F is the statement is a fact and O if it is an opinion. __4. Internet dating services offer an excellent way to find a husband or a wife. __2. Online courses are easier than classroom courses. O O

Rhetorical focus: facts vs. opinions Writers use both facts and opinions to support their position or argument. They state their opinion and then back it up with facts. Fact: a truth that is scientifically proven or generally accepted. (Antibiotics cure infections.) Opinion: one point of view among many (Antibiotics are the most important invention of the 20th century.)

Rhetorical focus: interpreting facts to support an opinion Opinion: Animals use language to communicate with each other. Factual examples: Arctic wolves, for example, communicate the presence of caribou through their howls and barks. Other wolves hear the messages and are able to meet their pack to join the hunt. Interpretation: Clearly, if another animal can understand vocalized messages that tell him or her the location of food, then that animal is using language.

Rhetorical focus: interpreting facts to support an opinion Opinion: The government is doing an excellent job of protecting athletes from the pressure to use performance-enhancing drugs. Fact: Athletes are routinely tested for drug use. Interpretation: Athletes know they will be tested for performance-enhancing drugs, so they avoid taking them.

Rhetorical focus: interpreting facts to support an opinion Opinion: Employers place too much emphasis on personal appearance. Fact: According to a recent study, people with average appearance earn 3 to 8 percent less money than those who are considered beautiful. Interpretation: Employers do not always pay a person based on qualifications alone; appearance may affect how much an employee will receive.

Rhetorical focus: interpreting facts to support an opinion Opinion: The cell phone industry is a good place to invest money. Fact: One out every six people owns a cell phone. Interpretation: Cell phones have become very popular, and the industry will continue to be a good place to invest money.

Rhetorical focus: interpreting facts to support an opinion Opinion: People spend too much money on food. Fact: Americans eat meals outside the home an average of 5 times per week. Interpretation: Americans could save a great deal of money if they cooked and ate food at home more often.

Rhetorical focus: interpreting facts to support an opinion Opinion: People in the US love pets. Fact: Americans spend 5.4 million dollars each year on pets. Interpretation: Pets in the US are treated very well, because pet owners spend a great deal of money on toys, medical attention, and grooming.

Rhetorical focus: counter-argument vs. refutation Counter-argument: Many people think that a child is unhappy without brothers or sisters; however, most only children would disagree with this statement. Refutation: An only child receives more attention from parents, gets into fewer fights, and has plenty of social contact with friends and classmates.

Language focus: Quantity expressions What is the problem with the following sentence used in an opinion essay? Cats hate water. Overgeneralization (지나치게 일반화) How to avoid overgeneralization? Use quantity expressions most/a lot of/some much/a little many/several/a few

Language focus: Connectors that show support and opposition Most people are willing to spend money to make their lives easier; for example, nearly every new house has an automatic garage door opener. Children should avoid junk food; in particular, they should stay away from sugary snacks. The automobile industry is responding to consumer demands for more fuel-efficient cars; in fact, the number of available models has tripled in the past 3 years.

Language focus: Connectors that show support and opposition Connectors that show opposition I’m late every morning; however, I never get into trouble. Many people enjoy listening to CDs; in contrast, live concerts are more exciting. On the one hand I'd like a job that pays more, but on the other hand I enjoy the work I'm doing at the moment.

Editing a paragraph P. 98 Ex. 4 Read the paragraph and edit as necessary. There are 4 mistakes.

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