Chapter 9: Section 1 Growth of Royal Power in England and France

I. Monarchs in England In 1066, king Edward died. A council of nobles chose his brother-in-law Harold to rule. But, Duke William of Normandy (William the conqueror) claimed the throne.

The Norman Conquest Duke William raised an army, and won the backing of the of the pope. He sailed the English channel and he and his knights triumphed over Harold. William exerted firm control over his new land.

A Unified Legal System In 1154, Henry II inherited the throne. He broadened the system of royal justice. His decisions of the royal court became the foundation of common law. Under his rule, England also developed an early jury system.

A Conflict with the Church Henry’s attempt to extend royal power led to a bitter dispute with the church. Henry wanted to try clergy in court. The conflict went on for years. Thomas Becket, the archbishop, apposed Henry’s move. Henry, outraged, had Becket killed. Becket was declared a martyr and saint.

II. Traditions of the English Government John’s Trouble Henry’s son John was a very un-trustable ruler. He suffered a major setback when he lost the war against Philip II and had to give up some of his land. Next, he battled Pope Innocent III because he didn’t approve the pope’s nominee for archbishop. The Pope excommunicated him and put him under the interdict.

The Magna Carta John angered his nobles with oppression of taxes and abuse of power. A group cornered him and forced him to sign the Magna Carta. This affirmed feudal rights and agreed not to raise taxes.

Parliament English Rulers often consulted the Great Council. This group evolved into Parliament. Much later the group became called model parliament.

III. French Monarchs The Capetians The capetians built an effective bureaucracy. By establishing order, they gained back the respect of the townspeople.

Great and Respected Rulers of the Time Philip Agustus Was an outstanding French king of the time. He strengthened royal government. He ruled lands and began to take over France. He died in 1223

Louis IX He was the most admired French ruler of the time. He was deeply religious. He didn’t do much to improve royal government. His personal prestige helped him create a strong national government.

Philip IV He ruthlessly extended power. He was elected pope. He rallied French support by setting the Estates General.

By: Gabrielle D’Adamo

The Holy Empire ∙In 936, Duke Otto I of Saxony took the title King of Germany. ∙Otto I worked closely with the church ∙In 962, a grateful pope crowned Otto emperor. ∙German emperors claimed authority over much of central and eastern Europe as well as parts of France and Italy. ∙Pope Gregory VII was determined to make the church independent of secular rulers. ∙Only the pope, said Gregory had the right to appoint and install bishop in office.

Emperor Henry VII ∙Pope Gregory’s ban brought an angry response from the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. ∙German Princes saw a chance to undermine Henry by supporting the pope. ∙In 1076, Gregory excommunicated Henry feeling his struggles from their alliance to the emperor. ∙Concordat of Worms ∙The struggle over investiture dragged on for almost 50 years ∙Finally, in 1122, both sides accepted a treaty known as the Concordat of Worms.

The Struggle for Italy. ∙Frederick Barbarossa ∙Called Barbarossa or “Red Beard” dreamed of building an empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic. ∙For years, he fought to bring the wealthy cities of northern Italy under his control. ∙Frederick II ∙The child of Henry and Constance, Frederick II Was raised in southern Italy. ∙He tried but failed to subdue he cities of northern Italy.

Effects on Germany and Italy ∙While Frederick was embroiled in Italy, German nobles grew more independent. ∙ Unlike France and Germany would not achieve unity for another 600 years. ∙The Height of Church Power ∙Pope Innocent III, who took office in 1198, embodied the triumph of the church. Innocent clashed with all the powerful rulers of his day. ∙In 1209, Innocent, aided by Philip II, launched a brutal crusade against the Albigensians in southern France. ∙Innocent’s death, popes continued to press their claim to supremacy.

Western Europe was just emerging from a period of isolation, civilizations were thriving elsewhere. Islam had given rise to a new civilization that stretched from Spain to India. Hindu and Buddhist traditions flourished, and wealthy princes built stunning temples and palaces. Indian mathematicians invent a number system, which adapted and eventually passed to Europeans. China had a strong central government. In West Africa, the Sinoke people were building the great trading empire of Ghana. THE WORLD in 1050

The Byzantine emperor Alexius I urgently asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help fight the Turks. Roman popes and Byzantine emperors were rivals, but Urban still agreed. AT the Council of Clermont in 1095, Urban incited bishops ad nobles to action. He then called for a crusade to free the Holy Land. By 1096, thousands of knights were on their way to the Holy Land. Armies of ordinary men and women inspired by fiery preachers left for the Holy Land too. Many knights hoped to win wealth and land, while others sought to escape troubles at home and others yearned for adventure. Urban hoped to increase his power in Europe and perhaps heal the schism, or split, between the Roman and Byzantine churches. After a long, bloody campaign, Christian knights captured Jerusalem in The crusades continued off and on for 200 years. Duireng the Fourth Crusade, the crusaders were diverted from fighting Christians. THE CRUSADES

In Europe crusaders sometimes turned their religious fury against Jews, massacring entire communities. The wars helped to quicken the pace of changes underway. The crusades increased trade and growth of a money economy. Venetian merchants used the fleets to carry on trade with the Middle East. In 1271, a young Venetian, Marco Polo, set out for China with his merchant father and uncle. By the 1400’s, a desire to trade directly with India and China led Europeans to a new age of exploration. THE EFFECTS of the CRUSADES on EUROPE

THE RECONQUISTA in SPAIN Several tiny Christian kingdoms survived in the north, expanded their borders, and sought to take over Muslim lands. This campaign to drive the Muslims from Spain became known as the Reconquista, or “reconquest”. In 1085, the Christians captured the city of Toledo. During the next 200 years, Christian forces pushed slowly and steadily southward. By 1300, the Christians controlled the entire Iberian Peninsula except for Granada. Muslim influences helped shape the arts and literature of Christian Spain. In 1469, Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon. The two monarchs made a final push against the Muslim stronghold of Granada. Under Muslim rule, Spain had enjoyed a tradition of religious toleration. Isabella ended that policy of toleration. She launched a brutal crusade against the Jews and Muslims. Those who refused to convert to Christianity were burned at the stake. The queen achieved religious unity, but at a high price– 150,000 educated, skilled people who contributed to Spain’s economy and culture fled Spain.