Socialism “Socialists make the mistake of confusing individual worth with success. They believe you cannot allow people to succeed in case those who fail feel worthless”. --Kenneth Baker (b. 1934), British Conservative politician. Quoted in: Observer (London, 13 July 1986).
Substantive Audit Testing Revenue Cycle
Substantive Testing Reconcile Trial Balances & Lead Schedules w/Subsidiary Ledgers Perform Analytic Procedures & Other Substantive Tests Assess Risk & Materiality Make Recommendations to Adjust Accounts
Substantive Testing Timing –Balances at B/S date –Transactions may be earlier Cost/benefit analysis Analytic Procedures
Substantive Testing : Objectives Existence & Occurrence Completeness Rights & Obligations Valuation & Allocation Presentation & Disclosure
Substantive Testing : Evidence Physical Confirmation Documentary Mathematical Analytical Hearsay
Substantive Testing : Procedures Observe Examine Count Confirm Analyze Vouch Inquire Inspect Calculate Recalculate Trace Compare Reconcile
Substantive Testing: Revenue Cycle Sales & Accounts Receivable –Objectives occurrence, completeness, existence, valuation –Evidence & Procedures sales cut-off A/R confirmation (Pos/Neg:p.446-7) A/R aging analysis (p.450-1)
Substantive Testing: Revenue Cycle Cash Receipts & Cash Balances –Objectives completeness, existence, presentation & disclosure –Evidence & Procedures bank confirmation (p. 453),cut-off statement bank reconciliation (p. 454), proof of cash (p. 456) cash receipts cutoff, lapping, kiting, float, interbank transfers (p. 457)
Substantive Testing: Warning Signs Inflated/Fictitious Sales Inflated/Fictitious A/R Early Revenue Recognition Inadequate Reserves