17c: The “Dutch” Century It was a political model. A radical attitude towards religion in the country. A certain level of religious toleration. Stable,

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Presentation transcript:

17c: The “Dutch” Century It was a political model. A radical attitude towards religion in the country. A certain level of religious toleration. Stable, thriving economy. “Golden Age” of artists and thinkers.  Religion and everyday life were recurring themes in their art.

Dutch Society Amsterdam, Rotterdam: granaries with enough surplus for one year. Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of W. Europe.  Even women had higher wages. “Protestant work ethic.”  Thrift and frugality. Had the highest standard of living in Europe!

Dutch Art Dutch artists were very different than the Baroque artists working in Spain and France. Why? Merchants were the patrons. Art focused on painting individual and group portraits, landscapes, and genre scenes of everyday life.

Oude Kerk [Old Church], Amsterdam First built in 1300.

Interior of the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam - Emmanuel De Witte

Interior of a Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam – Emmanuel De Witte

Portrait of an Old Jewish Man Rembrandt, 1654

Beware of Luxury – Jan Steen “Genre” Painting

Still Life with Gilt Goblet William Heda, 1635 “Genre” Painting

Upper-class Homes, Amsterdam Early 1600s

The Burgher of Delft & His Daughter – Jan Steen

A Young Woman with a Water Jug - Jan Vermeer, 1662

Girl with a Pearl Earring Jan Vermeer, 1665

The Dutch Economy Exported diamonds, linens, pottery. Shipbuilding and trade were key and the Dutch fleet was the largest in the world (had the lowest shipping rates in Europe). Amsterdam was Europe’s largest financial center until the French Revolution (1789).

17c Dutch Global Commerce

Dutch East India Ship, mid-17c

Amsterdam Stock Market (Bourse) Emmanuel De Witte, 1653 Jewish refugees helped found it in 1602.

Sampling Officials of the Drapers Guild – Rembrandt

The Lace Maker Nicolaes Maes

The Lace Maker Jan Vermeer,

The Account Keeper Nicolaes Maes, 1656

A Woman Holding a Balance Jan Vermeer, 1662

View of Delft Jan Vermeer,

Dutch Delftware English Delftware

Dutch West India Company, 1621 Netherland Antilles

18c Delftware Tobacco Jars

Fort Orange (Albany, NY) in New Netherlands

New Amsterdam (NYC) Settled in Official Flag of the NYC Seal of the City of NY Official Flag of the NYC Seal of the City of NY

New Amsterdam (NYC) Early 20c Dutch Revival Building in NYC.

Dutch East India Company, 1602

“Africa” Center Panel Jan van der Heyden,

University of Leiden, 1575 RBy 1645, it was the largest university in the Protestant world. RThe separation of the strong provinces hindered the power of any church to control intellectual life in the Dutch Republic!

University of Gröningen, 1614 RAlong with Leiden, they were the first international universities. RHalf of the students were foreigners.

René Descartes The French philosopher lived in Leiden from 1628 to 1649.

Dutch Optics: The Telescope Most agree that the telescope was invented by Hans Lippershey in 1608.

Astronomical Pioneer: Christiaan Huygens RExplanation of Saturn’s rings. RWave theory of light.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek: The Microscope & the Discovery of Micro-Organisms

Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp – Rembrandt, 1632

(detail) Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp – Rembrandt, 1632

The Astronomer Jan Vermeer, 1668

The Geographer Jan Vermeer,

Girl Reading a Letter with the Window Open - Jan Vermeer, 1657

The Night Watch – Rembrandt, 1642

The Night Watch

The Spanish Hapsburgs & Europe (1556) Philip II consolidated Hapsburg lands at the end of the 16c.

The Spanish Netherlands: Union of Utrecht, 1579 The United Provinces still recognized Spanish rule, but, in 1581, they declared their independence.

The Netherlands (1609)

The Downfall Long-term rivalry between the two main factions in Dutch society, the Republicans and the Royalists or Orangists, sapped the strength and unity of the country. Wars to contain the expansionist policies of France in various coalitions after the Glorious Revolution, mostly including England, burdened the republic with huge debts, although little of the fighting after 1673 took place on its own territory. Fierce competition for trade and colonies, especially from England, furthered the economic downturn of the country. The three Anglo-Dutch Wars and the rise of mercantilism had a negative effect on Dutch shipping and commerce.