The Arms Race Continues

Hydrogen Bomb US tests in 1952 USSR tests in times more powerful than an atom bomb

Sputnik Soviets launch an earth-orbiting satellite Soviets launch an earth-orbiting satellite Americans panic Americans panic Fund Scientific education and research Fund Scientific education and research

The Space Race is on!

Explorer I January 1958 January 1958 Us launches its own satellite Us launches its own satellite

Space Program National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Astronauts

Cosmonauts

First Man in Space Alan Shepard May 5, 1961 Yuri Gagarin April 12, 1961

John Glenn 1st American to Orbit the globe 1st American to Orbit the globe February 2, 1962 February 2, 1962

Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin. Credit: NASA Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin. Credit: NASA

Egypt/Suez Canal Crisis led by General Gamal Abdel Nasser (nationalist) led by General Gamal Abdel Nasser (nationalist) - built a trade relationship with the Soviets Dulles doesn’t like this Dulles doesn’t like this - withdraws offer to assist building the Aswan Dam across the Nile - the US thought that Egypt could not proceed without US help. - Nasser refused to buckle and built the dam with Soviet aid.

October 29, 1956: Israeli forces strike Egypt October 29, 1956: Israeli forces strike Egypt October 30: French and British landed troops to drive Egyptians out October 30: French and British landed troops to drive Egyptians out US joins the UN in denouncing the invasion US joins the UN in denouncing the invasion - fear it will lead to Arab and Soviet Allied war - pressures French and British to withdraw - persuades Israel to a truce with Egypt Egypt/Suez Canal Crisis

Eisenhower Doctrine military assistance to the Middle East when these countries were threatened by an outside power military assistance to the Middle East when these countries were threatened by an outside power “ In relation to the Middle East, the U.S. would be "prepared to use armed force...[to counter] aggression from any country controlled by international communism." “ In relation to the Middle East, the U.S. would be "prepared to use armed force...[to counter] aggression from any country controlled by international communism."

16 The Slow Thaw End of WWII through Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, and Bush, Cold War = central foreign policy concern End of WWII through Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, and Bush, Cold War = central foreign policy concern Most film/TV villains were Soviets or communists; Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Crystal Skull, which is set in the 1950s, pays homage to the use of Soviets as villains. Most film/TV villains were Soviets or communists; Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Crystal Skull, which is set in the 1950s, pays homage to the use of Soviets as villains. Better relations between communists countries and the US began with one of the most hard-lined anti- communist presidents, Richard Nixon. In his “only Nixon could go toChina” trip, Nixon was the first US president to visit that communist country. Better relations between communists countries and the US began with one of the most hard-lined anti- communist presidents, Richard Nixon. In his “only Nixon could go toChina” trip, Nixon was the first US president to visit that communist country.

17 The Slow Thaw… In 1969 Nixon began negotiations with USSR on SALT I, common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Agreement. In 1969 Nixon began negotiations with USSR on SALT I, common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Agreement. SALT I froze the number of ballistic missile launchers at existing levels, and provided for the addition of submarine- launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers only after the same number of intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had been dismantled. SALT I froze the number of ballistic missile launchers at existing levels, and provided for the addition of submarine- launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers only after the same number of intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had been dismantled. It was the first effort between US/USSR to stop increase nuclear weapons. It was the first effort between US/USSR to stop increase nuclear weapons. SALT II was a second round of US/USSR talks ( ), which sought to reduce manufacture of nuclear weapons. SALT II was the first nuclear treaty seeking real reductions in strategic forces to 2,250 of all categories on both sides. SALT II was a second round of US/USSR talks ( ), which sought to reduce manufacture of nuclear weapons. SALT II was the first nuclear treaty seeking real reductions in strategic forces to 2,250 of all categories on both sides. Nixon and Brezhnev toast the SALT I treaty. Carter and Brezhnev sign the SALT II treaty.

18 The Wall Falls, 1989 A wave of rebellion against Soviet influence occurs throughout its European allies. A wave of rebellion against Soviet influence occurs throughout its European allies. Poland’s Solidarity movement breaks the Soviet hold on that country Poland’s Solidarity movement breaks the Soviet hold on that country Hungary removed its border restrictions with Austria. Hungary removed its border restrictions with Austria. Riots and protests break out in East Germany. Riots and protests break out in East Germany. East Germans storm the wall. Confused and outnumbered, border guards do not fight back. East Germans storm the wall. Confused and outnumbered, border guards do not fight back. The wall is breached. The wall is breached. Eventually East and West Germany are reunited in Eventually East and West Germany are reunited in 1990.

19 The USSR Dissolves On December 21, 1991, the presidents of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords declaring the USSR dissolved and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place. On December 21, 1991, the presidents of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords declaring the USSR dissolved and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place. On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev yielded as the president of the USSR, declaring the office extinct. He turned the powers that until then were vested in him over to Boris Yeltsin, president of Russia. On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev yielded as the president of the USSR, declaring the office extinct. He turned the powers that until then were vested in him over to Boris Yeltsin, president of Russia. The following day, the Supreme Soviet, the highest governmental body of the Soviet Union, recognized the collapse of the Soviet Union and dissolved itself. The following day, the Supreme Soviet, the highest governmental body of the Soviet Union, recognized the collapse of the Soviet Union and dissolved itself. – This is generally recognized as the official, final dissolution of the Soviet Union as a functioning state. Boris Yeltsin (far left) stands on a tank to defy the 1991 coup Rocky beats Ivan Drago.

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