Name & describe each of the 7 crystal structures

Solutions

Solution Homogeneous mixture made up of at least one solute dissolved in the solvent

Solute Substance being dissolved Portion in lesser molar amount

Solvent Substance doing the dissolving Portion in greatest molar amount

Colloid Slightly larger particles Light passes & particles stay suspended

Suspension Even larger particles Particles block or reflect light

Tyndall Effect Because light reflects off suspended particles, the light ray can be seen from the side

Size Comparison Solution < Colloid Colloid < Suspension

Soluble When one substance (solute) dissolves in another (solvent)

Solubility The amount of one substance (solute) dissolved in another (solvent)

Concentrated Solution A solution with a relatively large amount of solute dissolved

Concentration The amount of solute dissolved into solution

Dilute Solution A solution with a relatively small amount of solute dissolved

Saturated Solution A solution with the maximum amount of solute dissolved in the solution

Unsaturated Solution A solution with less than the maximum amount of solute dissolved in solution

Supersaturated Solution A solution with greater than the maximum amount of solute dissolved in solution

Solution Measures Concentration Molarity Molality Mole Fraction

Percent Solution Mass of one portion per the total mass, all times 100 % % soln = m a /m total x 100 %

Molarity Moles of solute per liter of solution M = moles solute /L soln

Molality Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent mo = moles solute /kg solvent

Mole Fraction Moles of one portion per total number of moles in the solution X = moles a /moles soln

Calculate the molarity of a 250 mL solution containing 5.0 g NaOH dissolved in water

Drill: Calculate: mass of NaCl required to make 1.5 L of 2.0 M NaCl:

Calculate the molality of 69 g of C 2 H 5 OH dissolved in mL of water

Calculate the mole fraction of each portion when 92 g of C 2 H 5 OH dissolved in 144 mL of water

Calculate the molality & mole fraction of a solution containing 46 g of C 2 H 5 OH dissolved in 1782 mL of water

Colligative Properties Properties dependent only on the concentration of particles in solution

Examples Vapor pressure Boiling & Freezing points Osmotic pressure

Drill: Calculate the VP of a solution containing 36 % glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) in water at 29 o C: (VP water = 30.0 mm Hg )

Vapor Pressure VP solution = (VP solvent )(X solvent ) X = mole fraction VP = vapor pressure

Boiling & Freezing  T = i moK  T = change in BP or FP i = ionic activity K = BP or FP constant

Osmotic Pressure  = i MRT  = osmotic pressure i = ionic activity M = Molarity

Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution containing 150 g C 5 H 10 O 5 in 162 mL of water at its 30 o C

Calculate BP & FP of 60.0 g of NaOH in 250 mL water K BP = o C/mo K FP = o C/mo

Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution containing 120 g of NaOH dissolved in 250 mL solution at 27 o C

Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution containing 120 g C 3 H 7 OH in 144 mL of water at its BP.

Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution containing 12 g of C 4 H 8 O 4 dissolved in 750 mL solution at 27 o C

Clausius-Claperon Eq H v = R ln (T 2 )(T 1 ) P 2 (T 2 – T 1 ) P 1

VP benzene Temp ( o C) Calculate H v for benzene:

Drill: Calculate BP & FP of 88 g of CO 2 in 750 mL water K BP = o C/mo K FP = o C/mo

Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution containing 29.9 g of CoBr 3 dissolved in 7500 mL solution at 27 o C

Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution containing 12.0 g C 3 H 8 O in 14.4 mL of water at its BP.

180 g C 3 H 8 O was dissolved in 180 mL H 2 O at 27 o C making a 1.5 g/mL solution. Calculate X, mo, M, , VP, BP, & FP.

Drill: Calculate the mass of lead(II)nitrate required to make 250 mL of 0.40 M Pb(NO 3 ) 2

300 g C 3 H 6 NF was dissolved in 500 g C 6 H 12 O at 27 o C making a g/mL solution. Calculate X, mo, M, , VP, BP, & FP.

Calculate the molality of a solution that is 33.1 % by mass Pb(NO 3 ) 2

A 1.2 g/cm 3 aqueous solution is 20.0 % by mass NaOH at 27 o C. Calculate: X, mo, M, , & MP

Calculate the molecular mass of a covalent compound dissolved in an aqueous solution to make it 25 % by mass when it boils at o C