Chapter 18 AIDS and other Immunodeficiences Dr. Capers

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Immune System.
Advertisements

The lymphatic system and immunity
Immunodeficiency K.J. Goodrum Origins of Immunodeficiency Primary or Congenital –Inherited genetic defects in immune cell development or function,
 Bacteria  Fungi  Viruses  Parasites  Protozoa  Auto-immunity ?  Malignancy ?
Understanding the Immune System
Immune System & Oncology Nursing Care PN 143 Rebecca Maier, BSN.
Ch. 43 The Immune System.
IMMUNITY.
Immunodeficiency K.J. Goodrum Origins of Immunodeficiency Primary or Congenital –Inherited genetic defects in immune cell development or function,
The Immune system Role: protect body against pathogens
Principles of Immunology Immunodeficiency 4/20/06 ”Wise people talk because they have something to say; fools, because they have to say something” Plato.
MCB 135E: Discussion November 15-19, Immunology Development Function Important Aspects Bacterial Infection Complement Viral Infection Classes of.
Chapter 10 T-cell Maturation, Activation, and Differentiation
Unit 1 Nature of the Immune System Part 7 Immunodeficiency Diseases
Immunodeficiencies Board Review December 17, 2007.
Chapter 8 Major Histocompatibility Complex Dr. Capers
Types of Immunity Case Study Jagraj Brar. Basics Antigen- foreign substance in the body Antibody- fight antigens: IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM Alpha Delta Epsilon.
Chapter 17 Chronic Leukemias.
Immunodeficiency: Primary immune deficiency: -Caused by intrinsic or congenital defects. -Over 100 diseases of this type are known in humans, and for many.
Chapter 12 Cytokines Dr. Capers
The Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome: An X-linked Primary Immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency diseases. Prof. Mohamed Osman GadElRab. College of Medicine & KKUH.
The Body Defenses. Body Defense Overview Innate Immunity –Barrier Defenses –Internal Defenses Acquired Immunity –Humoral Response –Cell-mediated Response.
The Immune System Bryce Tappan. Function of the Immune System The purpose of the immune system is to protect an organism from external dangers such as.
Innate Defenses External defense skin, etc.. pH=3-5.
Disorders of Immunity Immunodeficiency Diseases
Indication for an assessment of immune status. 1. Detailed examination of the human health. 2. Genetic defects of the immune system (primary immunodeficiency).
Immunogenetics chapter 22 select topics pp
White Blood Cells Prepared by Dr. Hamad ALAssaf
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Capitulo 22 Sistema inmune Farmacoterapia Dra. González.
Humoral and Cellular Immunity
IMMUNE SYSTEM OVERVIEW
IMMUNODEFICIENCY Lecture Outlines Define immunodeficiency
Human Anatomy and Physiology Immunology: Adaptive defenses.
1 Assignment 3: Micro Teaching Digital Presentation (Microsoft Power Point) Mabell J. Martinez ETEC 546 The purpose of this assignment is that each scholar.
T-LYMPHOCYTE 1 Lecture 8 Dr. Zahoor. Objectives T-cell Function – Cells mediated immunity Type of T-cells 1. Cytotoxic T-cell – CD8 (Killer T-cell) 2.
Chapter 13 Leukocyte Activation and Migration Dr. Capers
IMMUNE SYSTEM Dr. Yıldıran different intracellular signaling pathways Dr. Yıldıran2.
Pathophysiology of the immune-surveillance system
Immunology Chapter 21 Richard L. Myers, Ph.D. Department of Biology Southwest Missouri State Temple Hall 227 Springfield, MO
+ Immunity: Defense against disease EL: To bring together the learnings on immunity from SAC 4.
CONCEPTS OF INFLAMMATION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE.
Immunodeficiency.
IMMUNODEFICIENCIES AND TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY
Immunodeficiency diseases. Prof. Mohamed Osman GadElRab. College of Medicine & KKUH.
___________DEFENSES of the HOST: THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
The Immune System Dr. Jena Hamra.
Immune System Chapter 43. Types of Invaders _________: a bacterium, fungus, virus, or other disease causing agent  Antigen: any foreign molecule or protein.
Chapter 4 Cytokines Dr. Capers
Chapter 11 B-Cell Generation, Activation, and Differentiation
Immune deficiency disorders Dr. Hend Alotaibi Assistant professor & Consultant College of Medicine, King Saud University Dermatology Department /KKUH.
White blood cells and their disorders Dr K Hampton Haematologist Royal Hallamshire Hospital.
Immunity. Body Defenses First line - barriers Skin and mucous membranes Flushing action –Antimicrobial substances Lysozyme, acids, salts, normal microbiota.
Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity and Immunodeficiency Part III Nancy L Jones, MD August 29, 2011.
Lecture 7 Immunology Cells of adaptive immunity
Immune deficiency disorders
Human immune system CELLS COOPERATION IN IMMUNE RESPONSE.
Immune Disorders and Imbalances. Organ Transplants There are 4 major varieties of grafts – Autografts: tissue transplanted from one body site to another.
Immune-deficiencies for batch 17-MBBS Yr 1 Dr. P. K. Rajesh. M.D.
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS
IMMUNITY ..
Effector Mechanisms of Humoral Immunity
Immune System Chapter 43 AP/IB Biology.
Objectives – Adaptive Immunity
Immunodeficiency disorders
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Immunodeficiency: Primary immune deficiency:
Immunodeficiencies.
Chapter 13 Effector Responses Dr. Capers
Immunodeficiency disorders
Presentation transcript:

Chapter 18 AIDS and other Immunodeficiences Dr. Capers Immunology

Kindt • Goldsby • Osborne Kuby IMMUNOLOGY Sixth Edition Chapter 20 AIDS and Other Immunodeficiencies Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company

Autoimmunity – system attacks host cells and tissues Immunodeficiency – system fails to protect Primary immunodeficiency Genetic or developmental defect Secondary immunodeficiency - acquired

Primary Immunodeficiencies Lymphoid Immunodeficiences Combined – effects both B and T cells B-cell Immunodeficiency Range from absence of B cells, plasma cells, immunoglobulins to absence of only certain classes of Abs Subject to bacterial infections but do well against viral since T-cell branch is ok T-cell Immunodeficiency Can effect both humoral and cell-mediated

Primary Immunodeficiences Combined Immunodeficiences Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Low # of circulating lymphocytes Non-proliferating T cells Thymus doesn’t develop Usually fatal early years of life Infant will have viral and fungal infections Bacterial don’t show up until later because of placental transfer of Abs from mother Chronic diarrhea, pneumonia, lesions Many genetic defects can contribute to SCID

MHC defects Symptoms can resemble SCID Lack of MHC II - Bare-lymphocyte syndrome

Primary Immunodeficiencies Combined Immunodeficiencies Thymus DiGeorge Syndrome – decreased or absent thymus Results from deletion of region on chromosome 22 in developing embryo, developmental anomaly Lowered T cell numbers, results in B cells not producing sufficient Abs Nezelof Inherited disorder General failure to thrive

Primary Immunodeficiences Combined Immunodeficiences Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrom (WAS) X-linked disorder Initially B and T cell numbers are normal but will decrease with age Treated with passive antibodies or stem cell transfer can result in fatal infection or lymphoid malignancy

Primary Immunodeficiences Combined Immunodeficiences X-linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome Deficiency of IgG, IgE, IgA but elevated levels of IgM Defect in T cell surface marker CD40L This is needed for interaction between TH and B cell for class switching for T-dependent antigens T independent antigens are not effected therefore there is production of IgM

Primary Immunodeficiences Combined Immunodeficiences Hyper-IgE Syndrome (job syndrome) Autosomal dominant Skin abscesses, pneumonia, eczema, facial abnormalities High # of eosinophils and IgE

Primary Immunodeficiences B cell Immunodeficiences X-linked Agammaglobulinemia B cell defect Defect in kinase that keeps B cells in pre-B stage with H chains rearranged but L chains not Low levels of IgG and absence of other classes Recurrent bacterial infections

Primary Immunodeficiences B cell Immunodeficiences Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVI) Low levels of immunoglobulin – hypogammaglobulinemia Manifests later in life

Primary Immunodeficiences B cell Immunodeficiences Selective Deficiences of Immunoglobulin Classes IgA deficiency is most common Recurrent respiratory and urinary tract infections, intestinal problems IgG deficiencies are rare Can often be treated by administering immunoglobulin

Primary Immunodeficiencies Innate Immunodeficiencies Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) Integrin proteins needed for adhesion and cellular interaction Defect limits recruitment of cells into areas of inflammation

Primary Immunodeficiencies Innate Immunodeficiencies Chediak-Higashi Syndrome Autosomal recessive disease Phagocytes don’t have ability to kill bacteria

Primary Immunodeficiences Innate Immunodeficiences Interferon-Gamma-Receptor Defect Autosomal recessive trait – results from inbreeding Defect in receptor for IFN-γ and subsequent pathways Patients suffer from infection with mycobaterium, showing importance of this receptor in fighting mycobacterium

Primary Immunodeficiencies Innate Immunodeficiencies Myeloid Immunodeficiencies Affect innate immune system Impaired phagocytic process Recurrent microbial infection

Primary Immunodeficiencies Myeloid Immunodeficiencies Reduction in neutrophil count Low concentration – granulocytopenia or neutropenia Congenital neutropenia Frequent bacterial infections Acquired neutropenia Certain drugs or chemotherapy can cause this Autoimmune disorder – destruction of neutrophils

Primary Immunodeficiencies Innate Immunodeficiencies Complement deficiencies Fairly common Mostly associated with bacterial infections or immune-complex diseases

Treatments for Immunodeficiency Replacement of missing protein Administering immunoglobulin Express genes in vitro (in bacteria) for cytokines Replacement of missing cell type Bone marrow transplantation Replacement of missing or defective gene Gene therapy

SCID mouse Since it virtually has no immune system, immune cells from other species can be used to reestablish the immune system Tests can then be done on the mouse to see effects on that species’ immune system Examples: HIV research Contaminant research

AIDS and other secondary acquired Immunodeficiences

Acquired Immunodeficencies No a genetic component Examples: Hypogammaglobulinemia – unknown cause, different from genetic condition AIDS

HIV Retrovirus (Lentavirus genus) Viral envelope derives from host Can have Class I and Class II MHC Recognizes CD4 antigen on T cell 2 copies of single stranded RNA

Passage of HIV (green) between T cell and dendritic cell

HIV Therapeutic agents inhibit retrovirus replication Have to be specific for HIV so that they don’t interfere with cellular processes

Vaccine may be only Way to stop HIV