AP World History Mr. Charnley Islamic Empires AP World History Mr. Charnley

Ottoman Empire Mongol Invasions Ottomans 13th century Collapse of Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in Asia Minor in 14th century Ottomans 14th -20th centuries Turkic peoples migrated to Asia Minor from Central Asia Osman (founder) Mehmed II the Conqueror wiped out Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantines)

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, Middle East, and North Africa Powerful military Rivaled Italian naval power in Mediterranean Besieged Habsburg Vienna in 16th and 17th centuries Distracted Charles V from Protestant Reformation

Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 Golden Age Roxelana Social, educational, and legal reform Conquests Expansion into Europe halted by Austrian Habsburgs Defeated at Battle of Lepanto in 1571 and Siege of Vienna in 1683 Conflict with Safavid Empire in Persia Conquered much of Middle East

Ottoman Empire Imperial Organization Sultan Warrior aristocracy Bureaucracy = Grand Vizier Harem = concubines Warrior aristocracy Timar = land for military service Regional and decentralized Devshirme Ghulam Janissaries Dhimmis ‘People of the Book’ Merchant class

Ottoman Empire Military Decline Army Navy Inferior technology Janissaries refused to adapt Europeans developed new weapons Navy Battle of Lepanto (1571) Spanish and Italians weakened Ottoman influence in Mediterranean Maritime trade Indian Ocean trade = Portuguese cut out Ottoman middlemen Trans-Atlantic trade = Spanish silver caused inflation

Ottoman Empire Decline Overexpansion Oversized government Corruption Expensive Militarisitic Weak leadership Issues of succession Janissaries

Safavid Empire Origins 16th-18th centuries Turkic people Mongol and Timurid invasions of 13th and 14th centuries Sufi mystics Sail al-Din Red Heads

Safavid Empire Expansion Conquered Persia Battle of Chaldiran Defeated by Ottoman Empire Inferior technology Prevented spread of Shia Islam beyond Persia Tahmasq I Feudalistic system = land grants to warrior elites for military service Persian bureaucracy Slave class

Safavid Empire Abbas the Great 1587-1629 Slave class Militarization Eastern European captives converted to Islam Ghulam = Elite military forces and government officials comprised of slaves Militarization Adopted European military technology and strategies Built up large, modern army

Safavid Empire Culture Economy Shifted from Turkish to Persian language Forced citizens to convert to Shia Islam Padishahs adopted Persian culture Economy Abbas the Great Encouraged international trade with Ottomans, Chinese, Indians, and Europeans Worked to improve infrastructure of empire

Safavid Empire Decline Succession problems Foreign conflicts Economy Abbas executed all potential rivals for fear of rebellion Foreign conflicts Wars with Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, Turkic tribes, and local warlords Economy British and Portuguese merchants in India cut out Safavid Empire from regional trade Conquered by Turkic Afghani tribes in 18th century

Mughal Empire 16th-18th centuries Babur Humayan Descended from Mongol leader Genghis Khan and Turko-Mongolian leader Timur Raided India from Afghanistan Set up capital at Delhi in 1526 Humayan Driven out of India by rival warlords Reconquered Delhi in 1556

Mughal Empire Akbar Cultural Tolerance Warrior aristocracy Abolished jizya Allied and intermarried with Hindu princes Din-i-Ilahi = religion combining Hindu and Islamic principles Warrior aristocracy Granted peasant laborers in exchange for maintaining standing armies Modernized military with Ottoman and European assistance Local warlords were granted direct control over their lands Social reforms Abolished sati and purdah

Mughal Empire Jahangir and Shah Jahan Successors of Akbar Very little territorial expansion Cultural contributions Taj Mahal Blended Muslim domes, arches, and minarets with Hindu ornament, marble, and reflecting pools Tomb for Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Shah Jahan Gender roles Imperial court women had expanded roles Common Indian women’s rights were restricted

Mughal Empire Aurangzeb Decline Overexpansion Corrupt bureaucracy Undisciplined military Mistreated peasantry Overexpansion Economic exhaustion Governmental corruption Persecuted Hinduism and Sikhism Rebellion Regionalism Officially dissolved by British in 1858 after Sepoy Mutiny

Islamic Society Society and Gender Warrior elites Slavery Economic expansion Trade technology Public works projects Palaces mosques Cultural Diffusion Patriarchal Seclusion and veiling of women