Accelerated World History November 2, 2015

Warm Up – November 2, 2015 Video on Islamic Empires https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDSH7S6Wgds Write down three facts you learned while watching the video.

Agenda Rise of Islam & Islamic Empires (Ch. 10 & 18) Debate – Who was the better empire? Umayyad, Abbasid, Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal Reminders: Chapter 10 Outline due Ch. 15 GR due Tuesday

Essential Question What makes an empire great?

Section 2 Islam Expands In spite of internal conflicts, the Muslims create a huge empire that includes land on three continents. NEXT

Islam Expands Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam A New Leader SECTION 2 Islam Expands Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam A New Leader • In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to be first caliph • Caliph, title for Muslim leader, means “successor” or “deputy” “Rightly Guided” Caliphs • First four caliphs guided by the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions • Jihad, armed struggle against unbelievers, used to expand Islam • By 750, Muslim empire stretches from Atlantic Ocean to Indus River Continued . . . NEXT

Treatment of Conquered Peoples SECTION 2 continued Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam Reasons for Success • Muslim armies are well disciplined and expertly commanded • Byzantine and Sassanid empires are weak from previous conflict • Persecuted citizens of these empires welcome Islam • Attracted to Islam’s offer of equality and hope Treatment of Conquered Peoples • Muslim invaders tolerate other religions • Christians, Jews receive special consideration as “people of the book” NEXT

Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis SECTION 2 Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis Rise of the Umayyads • Struggles for power end the elective system of choosing a caliph • Wealthy family, Umayyads, take power; move Muslim capital to Damascus Sunni—Shi’a Split • Shi’a—“party” of Ali—believe caliph should be Muhammad’s descendant • Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s example— support Umayyads • Sufi followers pursue life of poverty, spirituality; reject Umayyads • In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids—topple the Umayyads NEXT

Control Extends Over Three Continents SECTION 2 Control Extends Over Three Continents Fall of the Umayyads • Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one prince escapes, Abd al-Rahman • Flees to Spain; establishes new Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus • al-Andalus—Muslim state in southern Spain settled by North Africans Abbasids Consolidate Power • In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital from Damascus to Baghdad • Location provides access to trade goods, gold, information • Abbasids develop strong bureaucracy to manage empire Continued . . . NEXT

Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands SECTION 2 continued Control Extends Over Three Continents Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands • Independent Muslim states spring up; Shi’a Muslims form new caliphate • Fatimid caliphate—claim descent from Fatima, daughter of Muhammad • Begins in North Africa; spreads to Red Sea, western Arabia and Syria Muslim Trade Network • Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and Europe • Muslim merchants use Arabic, single currency, and checks • Córdoba, in al-Andalus, is dazzling center of Muslim culture NEXT

Muslim Culture Section 3 Muslims combine and preserve the traditions of many peoples and also advance learning in a variety of areas. NEXT

Muslim Culture Muslim Society The Rise of Muslim Cities SECTION 3 Muslim Culture Muslim Society The Rise of Muslim Cities • Leading cities include Damascus, Baghdad, Córdoba, Cairo, Jerusalem • Baghdad, impressive Abbasid capital; population around one million Four Social Classes • Muslim society: Muslims at birth, converts, protected people, slaves • “Protected people” were Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians Role of Women • Women enjoy some rights but expected to submit to men • Women’s responsibilities vary with husbands’ income NEXT

Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge SECTION 3 Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge Muslims Support Learning • Muslims use scientific knowledge to help fulfill religious duties • Muhammad valued power of learning, study, scholarship • Muslim scholars preserve and translate scientific, philosophical texts • House of Wisdom—Bagdad institute: library, academy, translation center NEXT

Art and Sciences Flourish SECTION 3 Art and Sciences Flourish Muslim Literature • Qu’ran is standard for Arabic literature; praise for Muhammad, Islam • Abbasid caliphate poets write of nature, life, and love • Popular literature includes The Thousand and One Nights Muslim Art and Architecture • Islam discourages images of living things, artists turn to calligraphy • Calligraphy—art of beautiful handwriting • Architecture of Muslim mosques is blend of many cultures Continued . . . NEXT

Math and Science Stretch Horizons SECTION 3 continued Art and Sciences Flourish Medical Advances • Persian al-Razi is greatest physician, from 500 to 1500 • Al-Razi writes encyclopedia of medical knowledge Math and Science Stretch Horizons • Muslim scientists solve problems through experimentation • Al-Khwarizmi develops algebra and writes textbook • Mathematician Ibn al-Haytham changes ideas about vision NEXT

Philosophy and Religion Blend Views SECTION 3 Philosophy and Religion Blend Views Scholars Promote New Ideas • Ibn Rushd is criticized for blending Greek philosophy with Islam • Jewish philosopher Maimonides faces opposition for his ideas • Blends philosophy, religion, science in The Guide for the Perplexed The “Ideal Man” • Muslims recognize values of many cultures; enjoy a blended culture • Emerging Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal empires reflect Muslim culture NEXT

The Muslim World Expands, 1300–1700 Three great Muslim powers—the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires—emerge between 1300 and 1600. By 1700 all three were in decline. Suleyman the Lawgiver. NEXT

The Muslim World Expands, 1300–1700 SECTION 1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire SECTION 2 CASE STUDY: Cultural Blending SECTION 3 The Mughal Empire in India These are my notes for slide 2 Map NEXT

The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Section 1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire that combine many cultures and lasted for more than 600 years. NEXT

The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire SECTION 1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Turks Move into Byzantium Turkish Warriors • Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire • Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who fight for Islam Osman Establishes a State • From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia • Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans • Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons • Successors expand state through alliances and land buying Image Continued . . . NEXT

Osman Establishes a State SECTION 1 continued Turks Move into Byzantium Osman Establishes a State • Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan— overlord • In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople • Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples Timur the Lame Halts Expansion • Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—rises to power in Central Asia • Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad NEXT

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion SECTION 1 Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Murad II • Murad II begins expansion Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople • Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453 • Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds Image Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities • In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, comes to power • He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into North Africa • Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important Muslim cities NEXT

Suleyman the Lawgiver A Great Ruler The Empire Reaches Its Limits SECTION 1 Suleyman the Lawgiver A Great Ruler • Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from 1520 to 1566 Image The Empire Reaches Its Limits • Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522) • Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean • Turks take North African coastline, control inland trade routes • Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna • By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world Interactive Continued . . . NEXT

Highly Structured Social Organization SECTION 1 continued Suleyman the Lawgiver Highly Structured Social Organization • Suleyman creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation • Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from conquered lands • Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal only to the sultan • Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion Cultural Flowering • Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts, learning • Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman Image NEXT

The Empire Declines Slowly SECTION 1 The Empire Declines Slowly Gradual Fall • Suleyman kills one son and exiles another • Third son inherits throne but rules weakly • Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their sons uneducated • Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s eventual fall NEXT

Cultural Blending Section 2 CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire The Safavid Empire produce a rich and complex blended culture in Persia. NEXT

Cultural Blending Patterns of Cultural Blending SECTION 2 Cultural Blending CASE STUDY:The Safavid Empire Patterns of Cultural Blending Cultural Blending in Persia • Between16th and 18th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia • Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries Causes of Cultural Blending • Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade, or religion Results of Cultural Blending • Changes in language, religion, government, use of technology • Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage • Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture NEXT

The Safavids Build an Empire SECTION 2 The Safavids Build an Empire Safavid Origins • Begins as religious order named for founder • Safavids concentrate on building powerful military Isma’il Conquers Persia • Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451 • Takes title of shah—king • Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis • Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire NEXT

A Safavid Golden Age Abbas the Great Reforms A New Capital Art Works SECTION 2 A Safavid Golden Age Abbas the Great • Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in 1587 Image Reforms • Helps create a thriving Safavid culture • Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade A New Capital • Esfahan—new capital—is one of world’s most beautiful cities Art Works • Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles Carpets • Carpet weaving becomes national industry NEXT

The Dynasty Declines Quickly SECTION 2 The Dynasty Declines Quickly The Safavid Empire Weakens • Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons • Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline • By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans • Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747 NEXT

The Mughal Empire in India Section 3 The Mughal Empire in India The Mughal Empire brings Turks, Persians, and Indians together in a vast empire. NEXT

The Mughal Empire in India SECTION 3 The Mughal Empire in India Early History of the Mughals Mongol Invaders • Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India Conflict • Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years • In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi Sultanate—forms Delhi Sultanate • Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th centuries • Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398 NEXT

Early History of the Mughals SECTION 3 Early History of the Mughals Babur Founds an Empire • Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at age 11 • Is dethroned and driven south into India • Army conquers much of northern India, forming Mughal Empire • Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur conquered • Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan Map NEXT

Akbar’s Golden Age Babur’s Grandson A Military Conqueror SECTION 3 Akbar’s Golden Age Babur’s Grandson • Akbar—“Greatest One”— rules India from 1556 to 1605 Image A Military Conqueror • Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as officers A Liberal Ruler • Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims • Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office • Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; income grows • Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they die Continued . . . NEXT

The Arts and Literature SECTION 3 continued Akbar’s Golden Age A Flowering of Culture • Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and language • New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge The Arts and Literature • Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish • Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule Image Architecture • New architectural style named for Akbar develops Image NEXT

Akbar’s Successors Jahangir and Nur Jahan SECTION 3 Akbar’s Successors Jahangir and Nur Jahan • Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur Jahan to control government • Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister • Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other sons • Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, nonviolent religious group • Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred Continued . . . NEXT

Shah Jahan • Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor, SECTION 3 continued Akbar’s Successors Shah Jahan • Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor, marries Persian princess • Assassinates all competitors for throne • His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in 1631 • Taj Mahal—huge marble tomb Shah Jahan builds for his wife • Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world Image Continued . . . NEXT

The People Suffer Aurangzeb’s Reign SECTION 3 continued Akbar’s Successors The People Suffer • People suffer paying for wars and monuments • Shah Jahan’s third son—Aurangzeb—imprisons father and takes over Aurangzeb’s Reign • Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to its largest • Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of Hindus • Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant • Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion NEXT

The Empire’s Decline and Decay SECTION 3 The Empire’s Decline and Decay The Mughal Empire Crumbles • Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages war • Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states • Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal • European traders gain key ports NEXT