Nutrition Systems in Animals

28/10/12 Nutrition intakeoutside -the intake of SUBSTANCES from outside- To grow To renew our body To get energy To move our skeletal muscles For other muscles to contract -heart pumping, respiratory mucles, digestive muscles... To keep the body temperature For brain activity substances we burn substances we don't burn but store

28/10/12 The four systems involved in nutrition. Which one of these connect the other three?

28/10/12 Is this process above mechanical or chemical digestion? Stage 2 in the digestive process: digestion

28/10/12 Stage 3 in the digestive process: absorption

28/10/12 Stage 3 in the digestive process: absorption

INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION collar cells water flow ostium osculum Intracellular digestion (phagocytosis needed) the food vacuole mixes with a lysosome Food particle is enclosed by food vacuole via phagocytosis.

Live in water Are found attached to the ocean floor They feed filtering small food particles from water PORIFERA (SPONGES) Sponge feeding video

28/10/12 Natural bath sponge Regadera de Filipinas

Intracellular digestion is exclusive to sponges and protozoa orgnanisms Video: fagocytosis in amebafagocytosis in ameba fagocytosis in white blood cells

CNIDARIA (CELENTEREA) cnidocyte tentacles GO BACK EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION in GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY gastrovascular cavity Cnydocytes firing video

Animals in moviesAnimals in movies (LINK) “Finding Nemo” Anemona Jellyfish Polyp in feshwater Hydra Hydra catches a prey video

digestive enzymes (extracellular digestion) hepatopancreas stomach mouth anus MOLLUSCS GO BACK Extracellular digestion in digestive tubes Radula ribbon video

gizzard oesophagus crop mouth intestine anus ARTHROPODS GO BACK Extracellular digestion in digestive tubes

28/10/12 In spiders.. digestion is carried out externally (outside spider's body) and internally. Spiders secrete digestive fluids into their prey. Digestive fluids dissolve the prey's internal tissues. Then the spider feeds by sucking the partially digested fluids out.

Extracellular digestion in digestive tubes

Digestive tube of a carnivore Extracellular digestion in digestive tubes Digestive tube of a non-ruminant herbivore Digestive tube of a ruminant herbivore GO BACK Digestion of cell walls with cellulose takes place in the complex stomach. Later on food is brought back up into the animal's mouth to be chewed more Digestion of cell walls with cellulose takes place in the big stomach

The frog is an animal which breathes through its skin as well as by using a pair of simple lungs. It is possible to measure how much the frog breathes through its skin and through its lungs separately. The graph below shows how much the frog uses these two different ways of breathing throughout the year. Questions 1. When does the frog use its lungs the most during the year? 2. When does the frog use its lungs least during the year? 3. Does the frog breathe in oxygen mostly through its skin or mostly through its lungs? 4. Why do you think that the frog needs more oxygen in spring and why does it need so little oxygen in winter? Plants, particularly grasses, are very hard to digest. Animals that eat plants need to have a particular bacteria inside their bodies to help break down the cell walls with cellulose Some herbivores are ruminants (say room-in-unt). This means that there are 4 parts to their stomachs: Food goes to the first parts, called the rumen (say room-in) and the reticulum (say reh-tick- you-lm), where cellulose digestion takes place. Later on this food is brought back up into the animal's mouth to be chewed more. Then food is swallowed and goes into the third and fourth parts of the stomach, called the omasum (say oh-ma-sm) and abomasum (say uh-boe-ma-sm), where digestion continues. Ruminants do not need to drink very much water because there is moisture in and on the plants they eat. Ruminant herbivores include giraffe, antelopes, camel.

Some herbivores are non-ruminants. The digestion of cell walls with cellulose takes place further down their digestive system Non-ruminants pass quite a lot of undigested food out of their bodies. They have to spend about three quarters of the day feeding. Non- ruminant herbivores include zebra, hippopotamus, rhinoceros.

stomach large intestine liver oesophagus pharynx salivary glands mouth pancreas small intestine rectum anus Vertebrates GO BACK

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Respiration in animals Cellular respiration oxygen energy carbon dioxide mitochondrion Respiratory system O2O2 CO 2 gas exchange

Gas exchange surfaces in animals thin surfaces moist surfaces surfaces full of blood vessels

 Breathing is the action of moving air to the inside of the body and then, move air outside.  In other words, inhale and exhale.  Breathing provide the oxygen needed for respiration. Breathing

Cutaneous gas exchange Very small animals and a few larger animals that live in moist environments use this type of gas exchange. Worms are an example. Earthworms have capillaries right under their “skin.” To be able to exchange gases directly with their environment, earthworms must stay moist

Flatworm (planaria) Tape worm (tenia o solitaria) Why do cylindrical shape -as in earthworm- or flat shape -as in these examples here- are appropriated for cutaneous gas exchange? Can animals with cutaneous gas exchange live in dry evironment?

Another cool amphibian Axolotl salamander ( best known as the “Ajolote) Located in Mexican fresh waters; found in a variety of species. This specie maintain its gills through adulthood, remaining aquatic.

The frog is an animal which breathes through its skin as well as by using a pair of simple lungs. The graph below shows how much the frog uses these two different ways of breathing throughout the year. Questions 1. When does the frog use its lungs the most during the year? 2. When does the frog use its lungs least during the year? 3. Does the frog breathe in oxygen mostly through its skin or mostly through its lungs? 4. Why do you think that the frog needs more oxygen in spring and why does it need so little oxygen in winter?