1 Lecture 6C- 17 OCT PROTEINS

2 DIETARY INTAKE RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDED INTAKES OF PROTEIN DRI – 0.8 grams of protein per kg body weight/day healthy adults (19 and up) percent of daily calories from protein -compare to % from carbohydrate -compare to % from fat safe levels Animations?

3 PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION P (PEM) KWASHIORKOR GHANIAN WORD MARASMUS MEANS TO WASTE AWAY

4 PEM CONTINUED KWASHIORKOR PURE PROTEIN DEFICIENCY -world wide –affects all ages -swollen liver and hence belly -LOW protein-HIGH fibre diet -adequate energy intake -growth/immune issues -nutrient absorption

5 MARASMUS ENERGY DEFICIENCY All nutrients including protein low in diet Wasting-use of fat stores Growth issues-brain growth in first year–potential for reduced intelligence and learning disabilities

6 PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued CANCER ANIMAL STUDIES- INITIALLY BELIEVED TO BE SOY PROTEIN THAT INHIBITED BREAST CANCER -BUT THIS TURNED OUT TO BE FALSE - ACTUALLY ISOFLAVONES DOING THE JOB ONE ISOFLAVONE BINDS TO ESTROGEN RECEPTOR REDUCING IMPACT OF ESTROGEN -ESTROGEN (HORMONE REPLACEMENT) HAS BEEN LINKED TO BREAST CANCER

7 PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued HEART DISEASE INCREASED DIETARY PROTEIN AND REDUCED DIETARY FAT -GENERALLY DECREASED BLOOD CHOLESTEROL -HOWEVER ANIMAL PROTEIN TENDS TO RAISE BLOOD CHOLESTEROL WHILE PLANT PROTEIN TENDS TO DECREASE BLOOD CHOLESTEROL

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9 PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued DIABETES % caloric intake as protein- appropriate diabetics tend to consume more protein than non-diabetics - this can lead to kidney disease soy protein and other plant proteins improve kidney function in diabetic kidney disease compared to animal proteins

10 PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued OSTEOPOROSIS Pathology In west, very high protein intake beyond recommended levels -this results in increased urinary calcium output Over a wide range of protein intakes for every 1 g increase in dietary protein get 1 mg increase in urinary calcium output So get higher levels of osteoporosis even with good calcium intakes

11 PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued BLOOD PRESSURE Increased protein decreased blood pressure-observational studies Decreased protein increased blood pressure-observational studies However intervention studies show no relation with dietary amount or type But individual amino acids like tryptophan or tyrosine decrease blood pressure in animals due to increases in blood pressure dropping neurotransmitters Arginine-may drop blood pressure due to blood vessel relaxation Also issue of reducing fat intake

12 PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued KIDNEY FAILURE Pathology- urea High protein diet suggested by some to increase progression of kidney disease to endpoint- controversial Higher protein intake associated with increased kidney blood flow and filtration function-promotes renal failure

13 PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued IMMUNE RESPONSE Protein malnutrition -selective effects on immune cells- resulting in decreased immune function -decreased immune maturation

14 PROTEINS IN HEALTH-continued IMMUNE RESPONSE continued Amino acids -arginine important for immune response -glutamine used for energy and DNA synthesis in immune response cells

15 WHAT IS NEW IN PROTEIN NUTRITION RESEARCH Athletes Just eat more to meet increase energy needs and will get more protein in diet to meet increased demands on protein metabolism Whey protein and other amino acid/protein supplements are a waste of time and money for athletes and anybody else- expensive -cheaper to get protein in a good diet.

16 WHAT IS NEW IN PROTEIN NUTRITION RESEARCH 2007 – CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PD PATIENTS-EATING TO APPETITE- NOT GETTING ENOUGH PROTEIN