Today’s Schedule – 05/03/ : Demands for Civil Rights Unit 9 Work (checked in class) – Standards of Learning Rewrite, 28.1 Vocab and Timeline HW: – Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court Case Analysis – DUE FRIDAY – 28.2 Vocab and Timeline – DUE TOMORROW – Ms. Hayden Website Address – DUE WEDNESDAY Warm-Up: What is your opinion on the use of boycotts as a political tool?

Rise of African American Influence After WW II campaign for African American rights began to escalate for several reasons: 1. African American Migration – Movement North after the Civil War – African Americans moved into prominent jobs Could influence politics

2. The New Deal – African Americans were courted by Roosevelt and his fellow Democrats to support the New Deal legislation 3. WW II – Increase in labor demands opened more jobs up to African Americans in the North – Horrors of the Holocaust slowly began to open people’s eyes to racism and discrimination in the U.S. 4. Rise of the NAACP – Built an outstanding legal team that included Thurgood Marshall to chip away at Plessy v. Ferguson

Brown v. Board of Education 1951 Oliver Brown sued the Topeka, Kansas Board of Education to allow his daughter to attend a white only school much closer to his home than the black only school she attended Marshall represented Brown at the Supreme Court hearing of the case

Supreme Court ruled – That “separate but equal” could not be applied to public school education as it conveyed to black student a sense of inferiority – School boards should move quickly towards desegregate schools

Response to Brown v. Board of Education Mixed reactions – African Americans rejoiced – Many whites accepted the decision even if they did not entirely support it (including President Eisenhower) – Many Southerners reacted with fear and anger Increase in KKK activities “Southern Manifesto” – Congressional statement that asserted the decision violated state’s rights

Resistance in Little Rock, Arkansas Governor of Arkansas refused to follow the decision of the Supreme Court Posted National Guard troops to prevent nine African American students from entering the school

Eisenhower responded by placing the National Guard under federal command Also sent soldiers to Arkansas to protect the students Little Rock Video

Montgomery Bus Boycott In December of 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man when demanded to by the bus driver – Was arrested on grounds of violation segregation laws Women’s Political Council decided that all African Americans should avoid use of the bus system until they changed their segregation laws Martin Luther King, Jr. became the spokesperson for the boycott

“There comes a time my friends when people get tired of being plunged across the abyss of humiliation…We had no alternative but to protest. For many years, we have shown amazing patience. We have sometimes given our white brothers the feeling that we liked the way we were being treated. But we come here tonight to be saved from that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice.”

African Americans boycotted the Montgomery buses for over a year In 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional