Chromosomes & The Cell Cycle. Chromatin & Chromosome Composition Made of: DNA Protein - histones Chromosome Structure (after replication): 2 chromatids.

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Presentation transcript:

Chromosomes & The Cell Cycle

Chromatin & Chromosome Composition Made of: DNA Protein - histones Chromosome Structure (after replication): 2 chromatids – identical chromosomes centromere – holds sister chromatids together p and q arms

Chromosome Structure

Chromosome Numbers + Types Each species has characteristic number Humans = 46 Chimpanzee = 48 Fruit fly = 8 Two Types: Sex chromosome » Humans = 2 » XX = female » XY = male Autosome (body chromosome) » Humans = 44 » 22 from each parent » Matching chromosomes = homologous chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad)

Karyotype Photograph of chromosomes in dividing cell. Taken during metaphase -Like chromosomes are lined up next to each other.

Chromosomes and Cells Diploid Cell 2 sets of chromosomes – one from dad and one from mom 2 sex chromosomes Body cells (somatic) Haploid Cells 1 set of chromosomes 1 sex chromosome Sex cells » Egg » Sperm

Cell Division: Prokaryotes -prokaryotes have cell walls but no nucleus and membrane bound organelles. -have a single DNA molecule, circular chromosome attached to the cell membrane. -examples: bacteria -cell division is called binary fission.

Binary Fission -results in two new identical cells.

Cell Division: Eukaryotes -cytoplasm and nucleus divides. -two types of cell division in eukaryotes, mitosis and meiosis. -Mitosis results in the production of two new identical cells containing a full set of DNA material. -Meiosis results in the formation of gametes containing one half the DNA material.

The Cell Cycle Interphase G 1 S G 2 *G 0 Cell Division:Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

Stages of Mitosis:

Final Details: Control of Cell Division 1. G 1 checkpoint: proteins control whether or not the cell will divide and whether or not DNA synthesis can proceed. 2. G 2 checkpoint: DNA repair enzymes check the newly replicated DNA. 3. Mitosis checkpoint: if all is good, proteins signal for mitosis to end and cells enter G 1. The proteins that control cell division are coded for by genes. If the gene is mutated, the proteins may be altered. This may lead to cancer.