Why Do People Migrate? Key Issue 3- Reasons for Migrating: 1. Political Push Factors-  Slavery  Refugees – cross country border to escape persecution/danger  Internally displaced person- refugee migrating within same country  Asylum seeker- seeking to be labeled a refugee for protection 2. Political Pull Factors- freedom and safety 3. Environmental Push Factors-  Too much or too little water  Floodplains  Desert/dry lands 4. Environmental Pull Factors-  Mountains  Sea sides  Warm climate 5 Economic Push Factors- job opportunities 6. Economic Pull Factors- high unemployment; low pay; lack of worker protection and benefits © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do People Migrate? Migrating to find work: 1.What would it take for Ireland to once again have net in-migration? Recover from 2008 recession for more jobs to be created to attract immigrants 2. Why are street cleaning and construction jobs attractive for immigrants to Europe and Southwest Asia? They still make more money at these jobs than they would at home © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do People Migrate? 3. What are the benefits of being a guest-worker? Minimum wage laws; labor unions; support programs that allow them to make money temporarily to benefit them when returning home 4. What has happened to the program? It no longer exists because many guests did not leave and created large foreign born populations 5. Explain why areas such as SW Asia have little or no guest workers? Asia? Wealthy oil producing countries in this region fear political chaos with too many people; a fear of the end of traditional Islamic customs; and lack of protection of worker’s rights © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do People Migrate? Key Issue 4- Obstacles of Migrating: Roles in relation to migration and intervening obstacles: 1.Physical geography –passage over land; mountains; deserts; oceans 2.Transportation- tiny unsanitary ships; wagons; walking 3.Political concerns/laws- passports and visas © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do People Migrate? Controlling Migration in the U.S.: 1.What was the purpose of the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924?to establish a maximum # of immigrants allowed into the U.S. 2.How did it favor certain regions for immigration? Quota #s set higher for European immigrants 3.How did the laws changed with the Immigration Act of 1965? Country quotas replaced with hemisphere quotas 4.Since 1965 what changes have been made to U.S. immigration laws? Global quotas were established and have increased from 200,000 to 700,000 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do People Migrate? Three preferential categories of U.S. Immigration: 1.Family Reunification- ¾ immigrants 2.Skilled Workers- talented professionals that have something to offer or contribute 3.Diversity- lottery admits random immigrants from a few countries that have not sent many people over in the past Source country for most undocumented- 58% from Mexico Cause of decline in number of unauthorized immigrants recession/lack of job opportunities © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do People Migrate? How many unauthorized immigrants are children? 1 million How else do unauthorized immigrants add to the population? By having children in the U.S. How has the duration of residency changed over time with unauthorized immigrants? % 15 years in U.S. / %>15 years/15%<5 years = reverse distribution Percentage of labor force in U.S. made up of unauthorized immigrants- 5% Most unauthorized immigrants can be found in California and Texas; largest % of population in Nevada Mexico encouraged the U.S. to be more understanding to unauthorized immigrants, but is restrictive towards the immigrants from Guatemala in the south In the past, more males migrated from Mexico to the U.S. in search of jobs, but today, ½ of the immigrants are females. In the past more males were more likely to search for jobs, but today, females don’t marry as young and need jobs for themselves. Young adults make up the largest percentage of Mexican immigrants; children are not as educated as Americans, making it harder for them to be successful © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do People Migrate? Causes of immigration to the U.S. – Industrial Revolution in Europe led to over- population and lack of jobs, persecution, political problems, and famine Effects of European immigration on U.S. and the rest of the world- Spread of art and music; religion – Christianity most practiced in world; languages- spoken by ½ world’s population; political systems were basis of future governments; many conflicts are the result of discrimination and colonization of the Europeans Attitudes towards immigrants: U.S. – many want more effective border controls, but don’t want to spend the money; many approve of unauthorized immigrants taking over jobs that no one else wants; many support work-related programs for unauthorized immigrants; some favor authorities stopping people to verify legal status, but others claim it may violate citizen’s rights; most feel it is the federal government’s responsibility Europe: Political candidates often use immigrants as a platform for their campaigns- blaming them for crime, unemployment, and high welfare costs; many are discriminated against for different religions, languages, and cultures and fear the loss of traditional cultures © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.