Chapter 2 Lighting Environments

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 2 Daylight Integration and Control Sunlight vs. Daylight  Sunlight: Direct light from the sun Can cause glare Creates excessive heat Deteriorates fabrics Fades colors  Daylight: Indirect natural light

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 3 Daylight Integration and Control Harvesting of daylight: –Capturing daylight for the purpose of illumination Apertures include windows and skylights

Daylight Integration and Control Advantages of daylight and windows: –Psychological & biological well-being –Constant and standard light –Passive solar energy penetration in the winter –Ventilation with non-fixed windows –View of the outdoors –Reduction in electrical lights –Enhances visual acuity 4

Daylight Integration and Control Disadvantages of direct light and windows: –Fading and deterioration of fabrics and artwork –Cracking and peeling of woods and paints –Glare –Increased heat in the summer –Black holes at night 5

Solar Geometry Examines movement of earth around the sun Sunlight changes by the hour, day, season, weather and geographic location Use solar geometry to specify size, shape, and location of windows 6 Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 7 Solar Geometry An object’s appearance will vary during the day according to the sun’s position: –Light produced by midmorning and late afternoon sun create long and soft shadows –Harsh shadows at noon emphasize the three dimensions of objects

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 9 Daylight Integration and Control Factors affecting daylight penetration: –Cloudy/overcast skies (reduces shadows) –Atmospheric pollution –Site orientation –Landscaping and surrounding structures

Site Orientation Southern exposure: –Various intensities and colors –Can fade and deteriorate materials Northern exposure: –Even intensity and spectographic characteristics East/West exposure: –Low, variable sun angles = glare 10

Sunlight vs. Daylight

Sunlit sky vs. day-lit sky

Sunlight penetration changes during the year

Urban sites can have lots of reflected light

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 15 Landscaping and Surrounding Structures Outdoors surfaces affecting interior light: –Dark materials absorb light: Grass, asphalt, dirt, rocks –Light materials reflect light: Rocks, snow, sand

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 16 Windows Horizontal shapes: –Maximize view and reinforce natural eye movement Vertical shapes: –Maximize amount of reflection (if long, and floor is a light color) Windows should be located to reflect light from ceilings Transoms can provide daylight in adjacent spaces Skylights provide a large area of illumination

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 17 Apertures Factors that affect quantity and quality of daylight in a room: –Size, shape, and location of openings –Flush openings not designed to reflect light –Light shelves, deep and rounded openings reflect light into the space

Window Apertures: shape and location Horizontal shapes Vertical shapes Consider reflected light Transoms Skylights 18

Interior Surfaces Ceilings: matte finish, light color Chamfer to reflect daylight Floors and walls opposite windows can reflect daylight 30

Light pipes

Room shape

Light shelf principles

Skylight with integral HVAC return system

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 44 Daylight Factor Daylight Factor (DF): –Ratio between the amount of daylight in specific areas of a room and the light outdoors –Helps to determine the number of windows and artificial light sources needed in a space

Daylight Factor Rule of thumb: –Useable ambient daylight is only with 2.5 H, where H is the head height of the window 45

Using alphabet plans: keep room depth to within 2.5H

Daylighting Models

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 53 Windows and Tasks To help reduce glare, locate work areas parallel to windows Windows should stand to the left of right-handed people; and vice versa Equipment and technology located out of direct sunlight

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 54 Windows and Tasks Amount of daylight determined by amount of sky one can see from a room sight line

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 55 Controlling Daylight Glazing systems: –Double or triple glazing can reduce amount of heat gain, noise pollution, and glare Glass coatings: –Distort colors of interiors, exteriors of buildings and landscape Window treatments: –Draperies, shades, horizontal and vertical blinds Roof overhangs and awnings: –Fixed elements to control sunlight

Shading devices Interiors product of all sorts Traditional: exterior shutters, vertical and horizontal blinds, roll shades… Can vary translucency Can be automated Can be integrated with switching system

Lutron’s Sivoia QED (see electronic brochure)

Integration with switching system

Match colors and textures

Dimensional constraints

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 63 Assessment Item Do you automatically turn on the lights in a room?

Project Daylighting creates drama and meaning Tadao Ando, the Church of Light

Lillis Business Complex, University of Oregon

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 76 Lighting Techniques Layered Lighting: –General (ambient) –Task –Accent –Decorative

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 77 General (Ambient) Sufficient lighting to walk through a space Establishes overall impression of space and is determined by: –Light level –Type of lamps –Style of luminaires –Amount of daylight

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 78 Structural Applications General lighting often done with structural lighting systems: – Cornice : Located on vertical surfaces; directs light downward – Cove : Close to ceiling; directs light upward – Wall bracket : Located on a wall; directs light upward and downward

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 79 Luminaire Systems Ceiling-mounted lighting systems: – Wallslot : Integrated into the ceiling system and distributes light down onto vertical surfaces – Recessed luminaires (fixture): downlight (high-hat) mounted above ceiling and directs light downward – Surface-mounted fixtures : Track lighting, pendants, and any other luminaire installed on a ceiling

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 80 Task Lighting Light for specific activities and tasks Flexibility and control essential for users Special considerations: –Critical tasks –Time spent on task –Age of users Potential problems to address: –Strong contrasts in illumination levels –Glare and veiling reflections

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 81 Task Lighting Resolving problems associated with illumination contrasts: –Moderate illumination levels between task and surrounding area –Increase contrast in color –Increase size of a task Planning task lighting requires an examination of: –Activities in the space –Characteristics of each task –Characteristics of the users

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 82 Assessment Item How many of these techniques have you seen?

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 83 Accent Lighting Highlights an object or element in a space A basis for accent lighting is that people are attracted to the brightest region in a space Planning accent lighting: –Identify what should be highlighted –Review the surrounding areas and establish contrast –Determine angle and intensity (5-1 ratio)

84 Accent Lighting To avoid problems with viewing, the preferred angle to a wall is 30 degrees art piece 30° angle light source

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 85 Accent Lighting Accent techniques: – Grazing : Enhancing textures and forms of an object by placing the light source close to the object Backlighting: –Creates a silhouette of objects Types of luminaires: –Uplights –Recessed spots –Spotlight projectors with optical control –Furniture-integrated systems

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 86 Decorative Lighting Primary purpose is as an ornamental element in a space Examples: –Chandeliers –Holograms –Lasers –Neon lights –Fiber optics –Candles

Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 87 Assessment Item When did you notice a room with general, task, and accent lighting?

Daylighting studies Revit uses Advanced Model Graphics SketchUp uses two saved scenes North oriented to the top of the screen Set your interior view to show off shadows – facing a window is best Set location and times

Daylighting concerns for different project types

Residential Bedroom Bathroom Dining room Kitchen Living room Game pit

A work station Desk with drawers Chair Large computer monitor Table top for books Table with three chairs

Restaurant Entry/waiting area Bar Private dining Large main dining area Bathrooms Kitchen

Art Museum Gallery for 3D objects Gallery for small 2D objects Gallery for jewelry Café Ticketing Storage

Office project Large open office area with desks Private offices Conference room with projector Toilets Entry/reception/waiting area Storage