VirginiaVirginia

The London Company, Joint-Stock Company- spread out the risk The London Company, Joint-Stock Company- spread out the risk Profit motive- make $

The Charter of the Virginia Company:  Guaranteed to colonists the same rights as Englishmen as if they had stayed in England.

Chesapeake Bay Geographic/environmental problems??

Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

Jamestown, 1607 Goal of the colony was to make money for the London Joint-Stock Company Ill-prepared, too many gentlemen John Smith became the leader (non-gentleman) by necessity, started a work for food program Smith captured by the Indians Pocahontas threw herself on Smith to prevent his beheading? John Rolfe made the colony profitable with tobacco & later married Pocahontas Where self-government & slavery began in America Significance, 1 st permanent English settlement in the new world

Jamestown Fort & Settlement (Computer Generated)

Jamestown Housing

Jamestown Settlement

Jamestown Chapel, 1611

English Migration:

River Settlement Pattern Large plantations [>100 acres]. Widely spread apart [>5 miles]. PROBLEMS??? Jamestown Colonization Pattern:

High Mortality Rates The “Starving Time”: 1607: 104 colonists By spring, 1608: 38 survived 1609: 300 more immigrants By spring, 1610: 60 survived 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants 1624 population: 1,200 Adult life expectancy: 40 years Death of children before age 5: 80%

“Widowarchy”“Widowarchy” High mortality among husbands and fathers left many women in the Chesapeake colonies with unusual autonomy and wealth!

Captain John Smith: The Right Man for the Job?? There was no talk…but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold…

PocahontasPocahontas A 1616 engraving Pocahontas “saves” Captain John Smith

Chief Powhatan Led a Confederacy of a tribes in the area  Powhatan probably saw the English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the region.

Typical Powhatan Indian Village

Indian Foods

Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse.  General mistrust because of different cultures & languages.  English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times  First Anglo-Powhatan War  De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians.  Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake

Smith’s Portrayal of Native Americans

 peace between Powhatans and the English.  1614 peace sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe  periodic attacks between Indians and settlers.  Brought on by English tobacco land expansion into Indian lands  1622  Indians attacked the English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe].  Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” against the Native Americans.  Raids reduced native population and drove them further westward. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake

Powhatan Uprising of 1622

 Second Anglo-Powhatan War  Last effort of natives to defeat English.  Indians defeated again. Peace Treaty of 1646  Removed the Powhatans from their original land.  Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas.  Set the precedent of separating cultures and moving the Indians West for other English settlements. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake

John Rolfe What finally made the colony prosperous??

Tobacco Plant “Brown Gold”

Early Colonial Tobacco — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Tobacco Prices: Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?

Indenture Contract:  5-7 years.  Promised “freedom dues” [land, supplies, money]  Forbidden to marry.  : only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!  # 1 labor source in early America Indentured Servitude

Headright System:  Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid, led to a more hierarchical society

Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:  Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.  Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.  Chained VA’s economy to a single crop. Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.  Need for cheap, abundant labor. Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”

Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

Virginia House of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England  Control over finances, militia, etc. By the end of the 17 c, H of B was able to initiate legislation  James I revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company & VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control! Growing Political Power

In class essay, open notes Analyze the causes of the development of slavery in Britain’s North American colonies in the period of

Analyze the origins and development of slavery in Britain’s North American colonies in the period 1607 and Underline your thesis statement at the end of the first paragraph. Skip Lines between paragraphs, indent fully Intro: give background info Conclusion: talk about the near future impact, world context, and histiography DO NOT use present tense (is -> was) DO USE I, our, we, us, my, mine, you DO NOT conclude by saying that’s why things are the way they are today. You must finish by the end of class so that you know how long you have to write timed essay tests this year.

English Tobacco Label First Africans arrived in Jamestown in  Their status was not clear  perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.  Slavery not that important until the end of the 17 c.

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade –Upwards of 13 million people sold into slavery from Africa to the New World –Profitability of sugar plantations in the Caribbean drove the 17 th -century trade –Height of the transatlantic slave trade came during the 18 th century –Middle Passage: voyage from Africa to America “Between the mid-fifteenth and the late nineteenth centuries, perhaps as many as 13 million men, women, and children crossed the Atlantic as slaves—a number not equaled by voluntary European migrants to the Americas until as late as the 1880s”(63).

The “Middle Passage”

Beginning in 1662  “Slave Codes”  Made blacks [and their children] property, or chattel for life of white masters.  In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write.  Conversion to Christianity did not qualify the slave for freedom.  SLAVERY DEVELOPED IN EVERY COLONY! Colonial Slavery

After years of research, Ancestry.com has determined that Obama is the 11th great-grandson of John Punch, the first documented slave in American history. "Two of the most historically significant African Americans in the history of our country are amazingly directly related," said Ancestry.com genealogist Joseph Shumway. Ancestry.com also points out that "remarkably, the connection was made through President Obama's Caucasian mother's side of the family." John Punch, an indentured servant in Colonial Virginia, was punished for trying to escape in 1640 by being declared a slave for life -- the first documented case of slavery. More from Ancestry.com: President Obama is traditionally viewed as an African-American because of his father's heritage in Kenya. However, while researching his Caucasian mother, Stanley Ann Dunham's lineage, Ancestry.com genealogists found her to have African heritage as well, which piqued the researchers' interest and inspired further digging into Obama's African-American roots.

What is more expensive to buy, indentured servants or African slaves?

By late 17th c., large numbers of frustrated former indentured servants (freedmen) existedBy late 17th c., large numbers of frustrated former indentured servants (freedmen) existed Most lived in western Virginia; resented planter aristocrats from the east.Most lived in western Virginia; resented planter aristocrats from the east. Many too poor to own land; could not find wives, forced to squat for lands in western part of the colony.Many too poor to own land; could not find wives, forced to squat for lands in western part of the colony. Indians violently resisted white expansion in western Virginia.Indians violently resisted white expansion in western Virginia. Freedmen angry that governor of Virginia didn't protect white settlers from attacks.Freedmen angry that governor of Virginia didn't protect white settlers from attacks. Governor Berkeley & the House of Burgesses were generally friendly toward Indians b/c he monopolized the fur trade with themGovernor Berkeley & the House of Burgesses were generally friendly toward Indians b/c he monopolized the fur trade with them Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Bacon, an aristocrat in western Virginia and member of House of Burgesses, upset not part of the inner circleNathaniel Bacon, an aristocrat in western Virginia and member of House of Burgesses, upset not part of the inner circle mobilized a militia to protect whites from Indians.mobilized a militia to protect whites from Indians. Bacon's militia massacred Indians and set fire to Jamestown, forcing Governor Berkeley out of the city.Bacon's militia massacred Indians and set fire to Jamestown, forcing Governor Berkeley out of the city. Bacon’s rebels opposed to aristocrats and Indians.Bacon’s rebels opposed to aristocrats and Indians. Bacon subsequently died of disease and Berkeley crushed the rebellionBacon subsequently died of disease and Berkeley crushed the rebellion Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 Nathaniel Bacon Governor William Berkeley

Governor Berkeley’s “Fault Line” East West Divide

Planters saw white indentured servants as too difficult to control and significantly increased importation of black slaves while reducing number of indentured servants.Planters saw white indentured servants as too difficult to control and significantly increased importation of black slaves while reducing number of indentured servants. Planter elite increasingly played the "race card": encouraged poor whites to discriminate against blacks. Planters feared blacks and poor whites could form an alliance again in the future.Planter elite increasingly played the "race card": encouraged poor whites to discriminate against blacks. Planters feared blacks and poor whites could form an alliance again in the future. Showed East-West (Rich-Poor, Coastal- Inland, Landed-Landless) divide common to most rebellions in US historyShowed East-West (Rich-Poor, Coastal- Inland, Landed-Landless) divide common to most rebellions in US history Practice rebelling against British Authority? Controversial ideaPractice rebelling against British Authority? Controversial idea Significance :

17 c Population in the Chesapeake WHY this large increase in black popul.??

MarylandMaryland

Charles I granted a royal charter to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore A proprietary, Calvert ruled over it like a feudal lord Eventually, growth of Protestants meant Catholics became a minority; Catholics feared loss of political power and religious freedoms The Settlement of Maryland

Colonization of Maryland

St Mary’s City (1634)

Currency in Early Maryland

Toleration Act of 1649 Guaranteed toleration to all Christians but instituted death penalty for anyone denying the divinity of Jesus (e.g. Jews & atheists) In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!! Motive: Catholics sought to protect their faith by granting a certain degree of religious freedom. Eventually, Maryland became controlled by Protestants. The Church of England (Anglican Church) was established in the colony and taxes went to support it. A Haven for Catholics

MD Toleration Act, 1649

The Toleration Act of whatsoever person or persons shall from henceforth upon any occasion of offence otherwise in a reproachfull manner or way declare call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever inhabiting, residing, traficking, trading or comercing within this province or within any ports, harbours, creeks or havens to the same belonging, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator, Puritan, Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist, Popish Priest, Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Calvenist, Anabaptist, Brownist or any other name or term in a reproachful manner relating to matters of Religion shall for every such offence foreit and lose the sum of ten shillings Sterling or the value thereof to be levied on the goods and chattels of every such offender and offenders... and if they could not pay, they were to be "publickly whipt and imprisoned without bail" until "he, she, or they shall satisfy the party so offended or grieved by such reproachful language...."

The Carolinas

Settling the “Lower South”

The Carolinas Impact of the British West Indies (Caribbean), especially Barbados, developed sugar plantation economies West Indies increasingly relied on mainland British America for foodstuffs As sugar plantations began to crowd out small farmers, many came to Carolina with their slaves to farm. Goals: grow foodstuffs for sugar plantations in Barbados Rice became main cash crop in Carolina for export; by 1710 blacks outnumbered whites Charles Town (Charleston) became most active seaport in the South.

Port of Charles Town, SC City with aristocratic feel.

The primary export. Crops of the Carolinas: Rice American Long Grain Rice

Crops of the Carolinas: Indigo In colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes.

Rice & Indigo Exports from SC & GA:

Stono Video: 47:30

Stono Rebellion (1739) Slaves in SC, led by an Angolan named Jemmy, tried to march to Spanish Florida & Fort Mosaic after Spanish authorities offered freedom to any slave who reached there. Took place on a Sunday, during harvest time and malaria season when there was the least amount of supervision Ran into the Lt. Governor, he sounded the alarm Stopped by militia after 25 whites killed; eventually scores of slave rebels killed by militia and settlers. Largest slave revolt in history of the 13 colonies Significance: slave system became more strictly controlled into Black Codes, prevented, free movement of blacks

The Emergence of North Carolina Created officially in 1712 as a refuge for poor whites and religious dissenters from Carolina and Virginia and thus became more democratic and less aristocratic than most Southern Colonies

Georgia

18c Southern Colonies

Georgia became last British American colony founded (1733). A. Founded by James Oglethorpe, a military general, given a royal charter as a proprietary colony -Utopian vision for the colony as a haven for debtors -Originally slavery, drinking, gambling… were outlawed, yet few migrated -Became a royal colony, restrictions ended, more migrated, adopted plantation slavery from SC

The Port City of Savannah

Georgia--The “Buffer” Colony Primary motive for the king was to create a buffer state against Spanish and Indian incursions from the South. -Catholic Spain in Florida hated the mass of Protestants on their borders.

The End

2-11

Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

In class essay, open notes How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of southern colonies between 1607 and 1775? Pages 9-18 in the packet

How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of southern colonies between 1607 and 1775? 1 st Paragraph –Do not start by restating the prompt –Instead define key terms or give background info. –Last sentence should be an underlined thesis statement that lists your major points of your essay in the order you will talk about them. 2 nd – Use specific facts/terms (who, what, when, where, why, how) + plus analysis which links the facts back to the prompt 3 rd-same as above 4 th- same as above 5 th Conclusion –Do not say that this is why things are the way they are today and the US is great –Instead, summarize your paper, do historiography, or talk about the near future after this time period Overall, do not use present tense (is should become was) and I, we, our, us should become the British colonies Please skip lines between paragraphs, should be about 2.5 pages long