The Origins of the Cold War

Cold War began during WWII

Post-War Differences USA & Britain want to postpone postwar decisions on Europe Russia wants decisions made immediately 1943-Big 3 at Teheran decide on strategies to invade Germany 1945-Yalta Conference – Germany divided into zones - Germany must pay! – Russia will declare war on Japan after Germany done in 1945-Postdam Conference – Truman demands free elections in Eastern Europe – Stalin says nyet! USA avoids confrontation in Eastern Europe

Post-War Germany

The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL  spread world- wide Communism GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES:  Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]  Arms Race [nuclear escalation]  Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars”  Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

West vs East

American Moves Truman cuts off aid to Russia because Stalin does not allow free elections Marshall Plan established to send aid to Europe Truman Doctrine-contain communism in Europe with aid USA creates alliance in Europe North Atlantic Treaty Alliance ( N.A.T.O.)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)  United States  Belgium  Britain  Canada  Denmark  France  Iceland  Italy  Luxemburg  Netherlands  Norway  Portugal  1952: Greece & Turkey  1955: West Germany  1983: Spain

Russian Moves Russians blockade access to Berlin Russians form alliance with Eastern European countries – Warsaw Pact

Berlin Blockade & Airlift ( )

Warsaw Pact (1955) }U. S. S. R. }Albania }Bulgaria }Czechoslovakia }East Germany }Hungary }Poland }Rumania

Around the Globe Communist Chinese (backed by Russia) defeat Nationalist Chinese (backed by USA) Communists in North Korea invade South Korea United Nations come to aid of South Korea United Nations gain edge Gen. MacArthur pushes for invasion of China Truman nixes move, fires the general truce arranged in Korea

The Korean War: A “Police Action” ( ) Syngman Rhee Kim Il-Sung “Domino Theory”

The Western Renaissance

The Postwar Challenge

Post-War Germany Food rationed Russian and Polish borders pushed west- smaller Germany USA aid given to West Germany an advantage West Germany adopts free market economy, social welfare, and price controls

Toward European Unity

Democratic republics established in France, Germany and Italy Leaders preferred a politically united Europe but settle for economic unity-form Common Market Leader of France, DeGaulle, wants his country to lead Common Market France vetoes British membership in Common Market

DeGaulle’s Achievements 1.Settled the Algerian Crisis. 2.Made France a nuclear power. 3.Sustained general prosperity. 4.Maintained a stable, democratic government. 5.Made France more politically independent.

Decolonization

Why imperialism declined Demands for self-determination World War I weakened European countries How can West consider themselves morally superior?

Changes in the New World India granted independence in 1947 French give up Syria and Lebanon Jewish state formed in Palestine French defeated in Vietnam in 1954 French hold onto Algeria until 1962

Neocolonialism Definition: European power exits colony but keeps economic and cultural ties so it still has powerful influence Ex: French and English leave their African colonies but the countries still use their European language and government system. Much of the land is retained by white settlers

America’s Civil Rights Revolution

Postwar Prosperity in USA

Peacetime USA Don’t rock the boat Eisenhower pushes for interstate highway system for defense purposes Kennedy elected and country looks forward to the “New Frontier”

Civil Rights Revolution

Johnson administration Supreme Court declares segregation illegal Blacks use non-violent protest to bring about change Liberal Democrats support civil rights Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination Voting Rights Act gives all Americans right to vote War on Poverty declared USA begins road to “welfare state”

Soviet Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe Stalin begins new purges in the 50s Five Year plans reintroduced Military sector improves at cost to private sector Stalin purges leaders in Soviet controlled Eastern Europe Stalin dies in 1953

Reform and deStalinization

Krushchev DeStalinization begins Eastern European countries push for reforms Poland successful, Hungary crushed in 1956 Krushchev successful with Berlin Wall but not so with missiles in Cuba Krushchev falls in 1964 and ReStalinization begins

The Hungarian Uprising: 1956 Imre Nagy, Hungarian Prime Minister }Promised free elections. }This could lead to the end of communist rule in Hungary.

Premier Nikita Khrushchev About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist. If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don't invite us to come to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you. you De-Stalinization Program

Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate” (1959)

U-2 Spy Incident (1960) Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

Khruschev Embraces Castro, 1961

Paris, 1961 Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) Checkpoint Charlie

Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963) President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Vietnam War:

The End of Reform

After Fall of Krushchev New leader, Brezhnev begins arms build- up Liberal leader, Dubcek, in Czechoslovakia crushed Brezhev Doctrine- Soviets had right to intervene in any socialist country

Science and Technology

Pure Science + Applied Science Scientists recruited to help fight wars – ex: atomic bomb Russians put missile in orbit Russians put man in orbit After Kennedy commitment USA puts first man on the moon

USA in Vietnam 50s-Eisenhower begins aid to “free” South Vietnam fearing “domino theory” Early 60s-Kennedy sends first “advisors” Johnson escalates war North Vietnam launches Tet Offensive and wins by losing Johnson decides not to run for re- election, USA leaves Vietnam in 1974

Detente Détente-relaxation of Cold War tensions 1969-West Germany opens relations with East Germany 1970-German reconciliates with rest of Europe 1975-Helsinki Conference- no nation will change borders due to force

The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?” }The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in }Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

Big Science

Youth and the counterculture

Conflict and uncertainty in the late cold war

The U.S. and Vietnam

Détente or Cold War

Mao’s Revolution: 1949 Who lost China? – A 2 nd } Power!

The Suez Crisis:

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Women’s Movement

The Troubled Economy

Society in the time of economic uncertainty