AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, CHAPTER 33, Section 4 THE FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION & PROBLEMS IN THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES

SECTION 4 QUIZ WHO BECAME LEADER OF THE USSR IN 1985? WHO BECAME LEADER OF THE USSR IN 1985? ___ WAS THE RUSSIAN WORD FOR OPENNESS IN DISCUSSING SOCIAL PROBLEMS. ___ WAS THE RUSSIAN WORD FOR OPENNESS IN DISCUSSING SOCIAL PROBLEMS. WHEN THE USSR COLLAPSED IN 1991, IT TURNED INTO A FEDERATION OF SMALLER NATIONS KNOWN AS ___. WHEN THE USSR COLLAPSED IN 1991, IT TURNED INTO A FEDERATION OF SMALLER NATIONS KNOWN AS ___. THE COMMUNISTS WHO SEIZED CONTROL OF NICARAGUA IN 1979 WERE KNOWN AS THE ___. THE COMMUNISTS WHO SEIZED CONTROL OF NICARAGUA IN 1979 WERE KNOWN AS THE ___. THE 1991 U.S.-LED ATTACK ON IRAQI FORCES IN KUWAIT WAS CODENAMED ___. THE 1991 U.S.-LED ATTACK ON IRAQI FORCES IN KUWAIT WAS CODENAMED ___.

IMPORTANT TERMS IMPORTANT TERMS MIKHAIL GORBACHEV MIKHAIL GORBACHEV I.N.F. TREATY I.N.F. TREATY GLASNOST GLASNOST PERESTROIKA PERESTROIKA COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES TIANANMEN SQUARE TIANANMEN SQUARE SANDINISTA SANDINISTA CONTRAS CONTRAS OPERATION DESERT STORM OPERATION DESERT STORM

IMPORTANT DATES 1985: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV BECOMES LEADER OF USSR 1989: –A–A–A–APRIL: TIANANMEN SQUARE MASSACRE –N–N–N–NOVEMBER: BERLIN WALL OPENED –D–D–D–DECEMBER: U.S. INVADES PANAMA 1990: IRAQ INVADES KUWAIT 1991: –J–J–J–JANUARY: OPERATION DESERT STORM –D–D–D–DECEMBER: COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES CREATED – FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION

OPERATION DESERT STORM OPERATION DESERT STORM SUMMER, 1990: IRAQ INVADES KUWAIT SUMMER, 1990: IRAQ INVADES KUWAIT WHY? WHY? –SADDAM HUSSEIN, DICTATOR OF IRAQ, ORDERS INVASION –IRAQ CLAIMS KUWAIT HAS BEEN “SLANT DRILLING” UNDER THEIR BORDER FOR OIL –HUSSEIN WANTS KUWAITI OIL RESERVES & MONEY FROM KUWAIT IRAQI INVASION IS BRUTAL IRAQI INVASION IS BRUTAL U.S. PRES. GEORGE BUSH, Sr. PRESSES U.N. TO ACT U.S. PRES. GEORGE BUSH, Sr. PRESSES U.N. TO ACT U.N. ORDERS IRAQ OUT OF KUWAIT; IRAQIS REFUSE U.N. ORDERS IRAQ OUT OF KUWAIT; IRAQIS REFUSE U.N. (led by U.S.) SEND MILITARY FORCES TO SAUDI ARABIA (OPERATION DESERT SHIELD) U.N. (led by U.S.) SEND MILITARY FORCES TO SAUDI ARABIA (OPERATION DESERT SHIELD) WHY? PREPARE FOR ATTACK ON IRAQIS WHY? PREPARE FOR ATTACK ON IRAQIS

OPERATION DESERT STORM (cont’d.) OPERATION DESERT STORM (cont’d.) JANUARY, 1991: JANUARY, 1991: –U.S. – LED FORCES ATTACK IRAQIS FROMBASES IN SAUDI ARABIA –MASSIVE AERIAL BOMBING CAMPAIGN BEGINS ASSAULT –MASSIVE GROUND ASSAULT (mostly U.S., some British) FOLLOWS –IRAQI CASUALTIES ARE VERY HIGH –IRAQIS PUSHED OUT OF KUWAIT / KUWAIT LIBERATED

OPERATION DESERT STORM OPERATION DESERT STORM

DESERT STORM BATTLE PLAN DESERT STORM BATTLE PLAN

CHANGE IN THE U.S.S.R. CHANGE IN THE U.S.S.R. 1985: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV BECOMES SOVIET LEADER EFFECT? –G–G–G–GORBACHEV WANTS TO IMPROVE RELATIONSHIP W/ THE WEST (U.S.A.) –T–T–T–TWO BASIC IDEAS: GLASNOST – OPENNESS IN DISCUSSING SOCIAL PROBLEMS PERESTROIKA – RESTRUCTURING OF THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY EXAMPLE? GORBACHEV ALLOWS… –F–F–F–FREE ELECTIONS –F–F–F–FREEDOM OF THE PRESS –L–L–L–LIMITED PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF LAND

MIKHAIL GORBACHEV, SOVIET LEADER,

NEW YORK TIMES HEADLINE, 1985, ANNOUNCING GORBACHEV’s MOVE INTO POWER

CHANGES IN THE U.S.S.R. OTHER ACTIONS: OTHER ACTIONS: –1987: SIGNED I.N.F. (INTERMEDIATE RANGE NUCLEAR FORCES) TREATY W/ U.S. –DID WHAT? REDUCED # OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS EITHER SIDE HAD REDUCED # OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS EITHER SIDE HAD ALLOWED EITHER SIDE TO INSPECT THE OTHER’S NUCLEAR STOCKPILES ALLOWED EITHER SIDE TO INSPECT THE OTHER’S NUCLEAR STOCKPILES FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION: FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION: –NEW FREEDOMS LEAD TO MORE NATIONALISM IN NON-RUSSIAN SOVIET REPUBLICS –MANY BEGIN TO DELCARE INDPENDENCE –1991: GORBACHEV RESIGNS AS SOVIET PRESIDENT GORBACHEV RESIGNS AS SOVIET PRESIDENT 14 NON-RUSSIAN REPUBLICS DECLARE INDEPENDENCE 14 NON-RUSSIAN REPUBLICS DECLARE INDEPENDENCE RESULT? 1991: U.S.S.R. OFFICALLY ENDS RESULT? 1991: U.S.S.R. OFFICALLY ENDS COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (C.I.S.) TAKES IT’S PLACE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (C.I.S.) TAKES IT’S PLACE

GORBACHEV and REAGAN, 1986

REAGAN, GEORGE BUSH, Sr. and GORBACHEV; NEW YORK CITY REAGAN, GEORGE BUSH, Sr. and GORBACHEV; NEW YORK CITY

GORBACHEV VISITS NYC, 1986 GORBACHEV VISITS NYC, 1986

REAGAN & GORBACHEV IN FRONT OF ST. BASIL’s CATHEDRAL, THE KREMLIN, RED SQUARE, MOSCOW

TIME “Man Of The Year” Cover, 1986

U.S.S.R., Before 1991 U.S.S.R., Before 1991

CARTOON: THE SINKING OF THE USSR, 1991 CARTOON: THE SINKING OF THE USSR, 1991

DIVISIONS IN THE COMMUNIST WORLD 1988: GORBACHEV TELLS E. EUROPEAN SATELLITE NATIONS TO BEGIN CREATING MORE DEMOCRACTIC GOVERNMENTS 1988: GORBACHEV TELLS E. EUROPEAN SATELLITE NATIONS TO BEGIN CREATING MORE DEMOCRACTIC GOVERNMENTS THEY DO: EXAMPLE? THEY DO: EXAMPLE? –POLAND ESTABLISHES A NON-COMMUNIST, DEMOCRATIC GOV’T. –POLAND’S ECONOMY BECOMES CAPITALIST 1989: EAST GERMANY OPENS THE BERLIN WALL 1989: EAST GERMANY OPENS THE BERLIN WALL 1990: GERMANY RE-UNITED 1990: GERMANY RE-UNITED RESULT? RESULT? –SOVIET-DOMINATED E.EUROPE ENDS –THE IRON CURTAIN FALLS

Distmantling of Distmantling of The Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall

TIME Magazine “Man of The Decade” Cover, January, 1990

CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN PROBLEMS CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN PROBLEMS SEE MAP, P.999 FOR DETAILS SEE MAP, P.999 FOR DETAILS CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN: Always important for U.S. foreign policy / security since early 20 th Century CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN: Always important for U.S. foreign policy / security since early 20 th Century WHY? WHY? –Location –Resources: Sugar, fruits, minerals, tobacco EXAMPLE? EXAMPLE? –Location: Panama – Panama Canal –Resources: Cuba – Tobacco, Sugar SO WHAT? U.S. Gov’t, Military, & businesses had a large presence there SO WHAT? U.S. Gov’t, Military, & businesses had a large presence there

C. AMERICA & CARIBBEAN PROBLEMS C. AMERICA & CARIBBEAN PROBLEMS WHY WOULD THE U.S. BE CONCERNED IF IT’S INFLUENCE IN THAT REGION WAS THREATENED? WHY WOULD THE U.S. BE CONCERNED IF IT’S INFLUENCE IN THAT REGION WAS THREATENED? HISTORY OF U.S. INTEREST IN LATIN AMERICA: HISTORY OF U.S. INTEREST IN LATIN AMERICA: –Examples? 1823: THE MONROE DOCTRINE 1823: THE MONROE DOCTRINE 1903: THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY 1903: THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY –EXPLAIN NEW PROBLEMS: NEW PROBLEMS: –1959: CASTRO’s TAKEOVER OF CUBA – THE COLD WAR RIVALRY ENTERS THE W. HEMISPHERE –1970’s & 80’s: DRUG TRAFFICKING FROM S. AMERICA USES REGION TO FUNNEL DRUGS TO U.S.

THE COLD WAR & LATIN AMERICA THE COLD WAR & LATIN AMERICA COLD WAR RIVALRY JUMPS INTO C. & SOUTH AMERICA 1979: NICARAGUA CIVIL WAR ENDS: COMMUNIST REBELS WIN “SANDINISTAS”- NICARAGUAN COMMUNISTS; AIDED BY SOVIETS & CUBANS U.S. WORRIED “DOMINO THEORY” TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA RESPONSE: U.S. SUPPORTS ANTI-COMMUNIST GOV’Ts. & REBELS IN C. AMERICA –E–E–E–EXAMPLE? “CONTRAS” – ANTI-COMMUNIST GUERILLAS FIGHTING AGAINST SANDINISTAS

SANDINISTAS ON JUNGLE PATROL SANDINISTAS ON JUNGLE PATROL

DANIEL ORTEGA AUGUSTO SANDINO DANIEL ORTEGA AUGUSTO SANDINO

DANIEL ORTEGA, PRESIDENT OF NICARAGUA & SANDINISTA LEADER DANIEL ORTEGA, PRESIDENT OF NICARAGUA & SANDINISTA LEADER

DANIEL ORTEGA & FIDEL CASTRO, 1980 DANIEL ORTEGA & FIDEL CASTRO, 1980

SANDINISTAS IN COMBAT SANDINISTAS IN COMBAT

U.S.- SUPPORTED “CONTRAS” U.S.- SUPPORTED “CONTRAS”

C. AMERICAN PROBLEMS (cont’d.) C. AMERICAN PROBLEMS (cont’d.) PANAMA: DICTATOR, GEN. MANUEL NORIEGA PANAMA: DICTATOR, GEN. MANUEL NORIEGA NORIEGA ALLOWS DRUG TRAFFICKERS (mostly Cocaine traffickers) TO USE PANAMA AS A TRANSIT POINT FOR DRUGS HEADED TO N. AMERICA NORIEGA ALLOWS DRUG TRAFFICKERS (mostly Cocaine traffickers) TO USE PANAMA AS A TRANSIT POINT FOR DRUGS HEADED TO N. AMERICA PROBLEM? YES PROBLEM? YES –U.S. HAS TO REDUCE FLOW OF DRUG TO U.S. –SECURITY OF PANAMA CANAL A CONCERN RESULT? RESULT? –1989: OPERATION JUST CAUSE: U.S. MILITARY INVADES PANAMA U.S. MILITARY INVADES PANAMA NORIEGA CAPTURED BY U.S., TRANSPORTED TO U.S. FOR PROSECUTION NORIEGA CAPTURED BY U.S., TRANSPORTED TO U.S. FOR PROSECUTION –NORIEGA CONVICTED OF DRUG SMUGGLING & IMPRISONED

U.S. ARMY AIRBORNE DROP, PANAMA, 1989

U.S. ARMY TROOPS, PANAMA, 1989 U.S. ARMY TROOPS, PANAMA, 1989

Gen. Manuel Noriega, Dictator of Panama