A + Certification Operating Systems

A + Certification CompTIA A+ is part of the certification track for corporations such as Microsoft, Hewlett- Packard, Cisco and Novell. Other technology companies, including CompuCom and Ricoh, have made CompTIA A+ certification mandatory for their service technicians.

A + Required Exams CompTIA A+ 220-801 CompTIA A+ 220-802 Number of questions Maximum of 90 Type of questions Multiple choice and performance-based Length of test 90 minutes Recommended experience Six to 12 months hands-on experience in the lab or field Passing score CompTIA A+ 220-801: 675 (on a scale of 900) CompTIA A+ 220-802: 700 (on a scale of 900) Languages English, Japanese, German, Thai, Spanish, Simplified Chinese, French, Arabic

The CompTIA A+ Certification is the starting point for a career in IT. The exams cover maintenance of PCs, mobile devices, laptops, operating systems and printers.

Why CompTIA A+? Required for Dell, Intel and Lenovo service techs Recognized by U.S. Dept. of Defense An ANSI accredited Certifier - 0731 Vendor-neutral Held by 900,000 IT professionals

Jobs that use CompTIA A+ Technical support specialist Field service technician IT support technician IT support administrator IT support specialist

Objectives Identify the operating system’s role. Compare and contrast Window 2000/XP, Vista, and Windows 7 features. Navigate the Windows Desktop environment. Identify options for launching command line utilities.

Course Outline for the Operating System Introduction to DOS Installing Windows XP Installing Windows Vista Performing Preventative Maintenance Troubleshooting Feb. 13, 2014

Overview of the MS-DOS Operating System

Personal Computer Hardware

Basic Functions Four Functions of the microcomputer Input Processing Output Storage

Types of Software… Operating System (OS) System Kernel Device Drivers User Interface Network Operating System (NOS) Application Software

Common Operating Systems Microsoft operating systems MS-DOS Windows NT/2000 Windows XP Windows Vista/7 Windows 8.1 Non-Microsoft operating systems OS/2 UNIX Linux Macintosh OS X

The Kernel at the center Processor Hard Disk Devices OS Input/output Memory

Drivers Provide the way devices interact with the OS and the rest of the system.

Network Operating System The NOS is optimized to provide interaction between other computers.

…Application Software Provide the interaction between the computer and the user

OS Terms Version Source Shell GUI Network Cooperative Multitasking Preemptive Multitasking Multithreading

1 - DOS Architecture and Setup

Functions of an operating system File management Interaction between software requests and hardware actions Configuration of the working environment Provision of a user interface Security Multitasking

DOS load sequence CPU executes routines from BIOS POST and bootstrap Boot sector starts the operating system IO.SYS MSDOS.SYS CONFIG.SYS COMMAND.COM AUTOEXEC.BAT

BIOS Loads the Boot Record Load the boot record into RAM, and move the instruction pointer to the boot record. Instructions: BIOS ROM RAM Boot record Storage Memory Processor

The Boot Record Loads Io.sys BIOS ROM RAM Io.sys SYSINIT routine Load Io.sys into RAM, and move the instruction pointer to the SYSINIT routine. Boot record Instructions: Storage Memory Processor

SYSINIT Takes Over BIOS Io.sys SYSINIT routine Storage Memory ROM RAM Copy SYSINIT routine to a different location, and load Msdos.sys over the original SYSINIT. SYSINIT routine Io.sys SYSINIT routine Instructions: Msdos.sys Storage Memory Processor

Msdos.sys Runs BIOS Io.sys Msdos.sys Storage Memory Processor ROM RAM Initialize the hardware, activate the filing system, and move the instruction pointer to the SYSINIT. SYSINIT routine Io.sys Msdos.sys Instructions: Storage Memory Processor

SYSINIT Processes Config.sys and Loads Command.com Use Msdos.sys routine to process Config.sys. Then load Command.com BIOS ROM RAM SYSINIT routine Instructions: Command.com Config.sys Io.sys Msdos.sys Storage Memory Processor

(Total amount limited only by your hardware) MS-DOS Memory Map 1 MB 640 KB 384 KB 64 KB ... Conventional Memory Upper Memory Area High Memory Area Extended RAM (Total amount limited only by your hardware)

MS-DOS Boot Order IO.SYS MSDOS.SYS CONFIG.SYS (optional) COMMAND.COM AUTOEXEC.BAT (optional)

DOS architecture IO.SYS MSDOS.SYS COMMAND.COM Device drivers MSDOS.SYS Kernel COMMAND.COM Command interpreter DOS shell Internal commands Errors if files are missing IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS - missing operating system COMMAND.COM - bad or missing command interpreter

DOS architecture CONFIG.SYS AUTOEXEC.BAT Extra device drivers Memory management Customized DOS system values AUTOEXEC.BAT TSR programs Environment variables

Creating a boot floppy SYS A: FORMAT A: /S SETUP /F Use to retain files already on disk FORMAT A: /S Use on an unformatted disk Use when files already on disk are no longer needed SETUP /F Copies extra useful files such as SYS and FDISK

Configuring a hard drive Create a partition or partitions FDISK Create the filing system FORMAT (FAT16) FAT and root directory Install the operating system Boot from disk 1 Run SETUP.EXE

FDISK command options 1. Create DOS partition or logical DOS drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or logical DOS drive 4. Display partition information 5. Change current disk drive

Create DOS partition or logical DOS drive 1. Create primary DOS partition 2. Create extended DOS partition 3. Create logical DOS drives in the extended DOS partition C Primary DOS partition D Extended DOS partition E Logical drives in the extended DOS partition

ROM BIOS boot strap program Set active partition ROM BIOS boot strap program C Primary DOS partition - ACTIVE D Extended DOS partition E Logical drives in the extended DOS partition

The FORMAT command /S SYSTEM /U UNCONDITIONAL /Q QUICK /V: VOLUME LABEL /C RETEST BAD CLUSTERS

DOS setup Boot from disk1 Install on to hard disk Create emergency floppy disk SETUP /F FORMAT /S SYS A: Install optional Windows components SETUP /E

DOS startup files CONFIG.SYS AUTOEXEC.BAT Loads device drivers Performs memory management Customizes DOS system values AUTOEXEC.BAT Executes DOS commands Loads TSR programs Anti-virus Network Applications Creates environment variables

Bypassing startup files Starting DOS… Press F5 to bypass both files Press F8 to step through each instruction in each file

CONFIG.SYS commands BUFFERS FILES COUNTRY INSTALL DEVICE or DEVICEHIGH LASTDRIVE NUMLOCK DOS SHELL STACKS FCBS SWITCHES

AUTOEXEC.BAT commands ECHO PATH SET PROMPT UNDELETE SMARTDRV KEYB SHARE DOSKEY MOUSE MSCDEX WIN

2 – DOS File Structure

FAT File Allocation System Hierarchical System A ROOT Directory and Sub-Directories No two file may have the same name Names are 8.3 Reserved Characters Reserved Extensions

FAT cont. DOS reserves file names. DOS reserves extensions. .COM .EXE .BAT .INI .SYS .TXT

DOS PATH PATH is defined in the Autoexec.bat file ROOT is identified with \ DOS searches C:\ then A:\ by default Other paths must be defined. Example is PATH=C:\;C:\DOS;C:\WP

SYNTAX The way commands are entered There are two wildcards * Matches any word ? Matches any character Two types of DOS Commands Internal External

Memory management commands HIMEM.SYS DOS=HIGH EMM386.EXE DOS=UMB LOADHIGH DEVICEHIGH

Memory related commands CONFIG.SYS DOS=HIGH,UMB DEVICE=C:\DOS\HIMEM.SYS DEVICE=C:\DOS\EMM386.EXE (NOEMS or RAM) DEVICEHIGH=xxxxxx AUTOEXEC.BAT LOADHIGH=xxxxx

Optimizing disk access RAMDRIVE Allows you to use RAM memory as if it is a hard disk Use for temporary files SmartDrive Performs disk caching

Using a RAM drive Memory used as disk Much faster file access Use for temp directory or R/O files DEVICE=RAMDRIVE.SYS in CONFIG.SYS Use /E to select Extended memory

Disk caching Read caching - anticipate reads Write caching - delay writes SMARTDRV in AUTOEXEC.BAT Optimizing RAM for SmartDrive SmartDrive or applications

ATTRIB Sets file attributes Read-only files cannot be deleted from DOS Hidden System Archive Read-only files cannot be deleted from DOS

CHKDSK Check drive C CHKDSK C: Check and fix drive C CHKDSK C: /F

SCANDISK Replaces CHKDSK Checks and fixes file and directory problems Menu-based Checks and fixes file and directory problems Scans the physical surface of the drive

DEFRAG Defragment files Move files to contiguous disk space

Useful DOS commands Information Disks Directories Files VER, DIR, MEM, TREE Disks FORMAT, UNFORMAT, SYS, FDISK, SCANDISK, DEFRAG Directories CD, RD, MD Files COPY, XCOPY, MOVE, DEL, UNDELETE, ATTRIB, REN, EDIT Oct. 6, 2011

Disk File Systems Fat 16 Fat 32 NTFS Feb. 17, 2015

Allocation Units Fat 16 Partition Size Fat32 supports up to Clusters 16 – 128 MB 128 – 257 MB 257 – 511 MB 511 – 1024 MB 1 – 2 GB Fat32 supports up to Clusters 2 4 8 16 32 2 terabytes.

Allocation Units Fat 32 Partition Size Fat32 supports up to 512 MB (min. size) 512 – 8 GB 8 – 16 GB 16 – 32 GB Over 32 GB Fat32 supports up to Only OSR2 and up. Clusters 4 8 16 32 2 terabytes

Cluster Usage for a 41 KB file on a partition larger than 1 GB Fat 16/32 compared Fat 16 File system Fat 32 File system 32 KB Cluster Space used by file 4 KB Clusters Space used by file Wasted space 32 KB Cluster 4 KB Clusters Wasted Space Free Space Cluster Usage for a 41 KB file on a partition larger than 1 GB

Device Manager ? Doesn’t know the device Everything you ever wanted to know about your systems devices. Resolving systems conflicts: X Driver disabled ! There is a problem. ? Doesn’t know the device

File Management Virtual Memory Disk Caching Disk Conversion Disk Compression Oct 8, 09

Common Utilities Defragmenter Disk Clean Clusters are arranged in their most commonly accessed order. Often-used applications are stored in more favorable positions on the drive. A log is created in C:\Windows\Applog\optlog.txt Disk Clean

Common Utilities Scheduling the Utilities Use the Maintenance Wizard. Use the Task Scheduler. Use the System File Checker Found in MSI under the Tools option.

Resource Monitoring MSI System Monitor Resource Monitor Device Manager

The Universal Driver Architecture Windows 9x Universal driver Universal driver Universal driver Mini-driver Mini-driver Mini-driver Network card Printer External CD-ROM drive

The WDM Layered Architecture Applications Legacy virtualization driver Device class driver NTKERN.VXD Device mini-driver Bus class driver NTKERN.VXD Bus mini-driver Hardware

The Components of the Display-driver Architecture GDI Mini Driver VDD Display Adapter Display Device VFLATD DIBENG.DLL Mini-VDD

Cooperative vs. Preemptive Multitasking Task A Cooperative Control relinquished to other tasks voluntarily. Controlled by applications. Task B Time Task A Task B Preemptive Control relinquished to other tasks involuntarily. Controlled by the operating system.

System Resources Interrupt request (IRQ) Input/Output ports (I/O) Memory addresses Direct memory access (DMA) channel

Hardware Management Win32 Driver Model (WDM) Provides a uniform interface to devices and drivers, regardless of the version of Windows running. With 98, Windows NT driver model and Windows 95 driver model were brought together into a unified model. WDM provides a common set of drivers that work in Windows 98 and future versions of Windows NT.

Win32 Driver Model (WDM) WDM was first implemented in Windows 95 OSR2.1 The following Technologies are supported by WDM: USB IEEE 1394 (Firewire) OnNow Power management DVD platform Digital audio platform

WDM Architecture Multi-layer design: Legacy Software Support: All hardware specific functionality is contained in a single file, isolated from the rest of the layers. Legacy Software Support: A virtualization driver (VxD) is a 32-bit, protected mode driver that manages a system resource so that more than one application can use the resource at one time. OS Service Translation: This allow manufacture to design for both windows 98 and 2000.

Long File Name Support (LFN) Can be up to 255 characters Max with DOS path is 260 characters Can include multiple spaces and periods Cannot include illegal characters: /\:*?”<> Will preserve the case Cannot have two file in the same directory with the same name in either upper or lower case.

Long File Name Support (LFN) Will generate a 8.3 file name (Alias) Base Name: first six legal characters Numeric Tail: tilde (~) and a number Extension: first three legal characters after the period. Example: File name… Here is an example.txt Becomes… HEREIS~1.TXT (Notice the Capital letters for DOS)