For Military Leaders and Managers STRESS MANAGEMENT For Military Leaders and Managers by Dr. Barbara Turner A University of Phoenix Asia Military Campus Public Service Presentation

Agenda Stress and Adaptability – Military Mandate Psychological Hardiness Leadership in Uncertain Times

Two Primary Stressors for Military Personnel Uncertainty Ambiguity

Sr. Enlisted Goes beyond just traditional concerns of motivation, attitudes, job performance Matins & Lopez,2002, p. 182

2011 Defense Science Board Mandate The military force of today must be highly adaptive Able & Willing to Anticipate/ Accept the Need for change Competency in Preparing for change Ability to Implement Change Effectively & Efficiently (Bartone, Kelly, & Mathews, 2014)

Adaptive Performance Domains Handling crises and emergencies Handling Work Stress Creative Problem Solving Working with Ambiguity & Uncertainty Learning New Tasks, Technologies, Procedures Demonstrating Interpersonal adaptability Demonstrating Cultural adaptability Demonstrating Physical Adaptability (Bartone, Kelly, & Mathews, 2014

Components of Behavior Intellectual Capacity Psychological Hardiness Emotions, Experiences. Ethics

Psychological Dimensions & Coping Mechanisms Locus of Control Self-Efficacy Self Esteem Tolerance for Ambiguity Positive Affectivity Low Risk Aversion Openness to Experience Beliefs and attitudes have a direct correlation with outcomes and are predictive of intentions and consequent behaviors. Locus of Control - Your perception of your ability to control something Self-Efficacy - Your belief in how capable you are to organize and execute Tolerance for Ambiguity - tendency to perceive ambiguous situations as desirable; willingness to change your mind; Self- Esteem - you internal perception of self- approving or disapproving of your personal competence and worthiness Positive Affectivity - Positive outlook on life; engaging with life and with others; inquisitive when confronted with novel situations; Risk Aversion - How well you relate to coping with change; differential attention to various stimuli in risky situations ; seeking risk in terms of potential gains Judge, Thoresen, Pucik, Welborne, 1999

Psychological Hardiness Existential quality of perceptions of self . . . to the world, others, and work

Psychological Hardiness as Predictor Direct evidence of reducing ill effects on health and performance Significant stress buffer/moderator Direct positive correlation between high adaptive performance & psychological hardiness Direct effect on mental health during and post deployment (Bartone, Kelly, & Mathews, 2014)

Stress Management Initiatives ACT – Helps People Deal with Unpleasant Thoughts & Emotions Coping Focused Targets undesirable thoughts & Emotions Arouse by Work Stressors Focuses on Acceptance & Goal Commitment Encourages Creativity & Innovation PBI Stressor Focused Seeking out & Alleviation of Stressor itself Modifying Stressors Brainstorming & Creativity Limited to Individual or Work Groups (Bond & Bunce, 2000)

Authentic Leadership Leading in Uncertainty Self- Constancy Situational Awareness Self Awareness & Self-Regulation of Behavior Narrative Identity & Ethics Psychological Hardiness Organizational Commitment Professional Development Engage in Stress Management Initiatives Constant sameness that is faithful to its promises through fluid and changeable selfhood Narrative recounts how values and purposes of a person change over time and events, yet remain the values and purposes of the same individual. (Ricouer, 1992) (Sparrowe, 2006)

Questions or Comments

References Allen, J. (2013). Emotional intelligence. Seattle: Amazon Digital Services Bartone, P., Kelly, D., & Mathews, M. (2014). Psychooogical hardiness predicts adaptability in militaryleaders: A prospective study. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21(2). Bond, F., & Bunce, D. (2000). Mediators of chage in emotion-focused and problem-focused worksite stress management interventions. Journal of Oxcxupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 156-164. Judge, T., Thoresen, C., Pucik, V., & Welborne, T. (1999). Managerial copimg with organizational change: A dispositional perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(1), 107-122. Matins, L., Lopez. (2012) Military hierarchy, job stress, and mental health in peacetime. Occupational Medicine,62, pp. 182-187. doi:10.109/occmed/kqs006. Ricouer, P. (1992). Oneself as another. Chicago: The University of Chicago. Sparrowe , R. (2005). Authentic leadership and the narrative self. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(2005), 419-439.